Isiokwu a na-enye a nkenke biography nke N. S. Hruscheva kọwara ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme ma n'ime mba na mba ọzọ. Dị ka akọwapụtara site na Board of cons na Uru nke Khrushchev, atụlekwa ihe omume nke ndị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onye ndú.

Khrushchev: A Biography. Early ọrụ

Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev (afọ nke ndụ: 1894-1971) mụrụ n'ógbè Kursk (site Kalinovka.) Na a ezinụlọ nkịtị. N'oge oyi, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka a na-azụ atụrụ. Kemgbe ọ bụ nwata mere ọrụ. Ya mere, na ọ dị afọ 12 afọ N. S. Hruschev rụrụ ọrụ na nke m, na n'ihu na na - na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.

Na afọ ka n'ihu ya na-akpọ nke mbụ World War, n'ihi na ọ bụ a na-egwuputa. O weere ifịk akụkụ na ndụ nke mba. Khrushchev e kuchiri site Bolshevik Party na 1918 na abuana ha n'akụkụ na Civil War.

Mgbe Ịghọ Soviet ike, Khrushchev kwere nkwa ọlụlụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na aku na uba na-eme. Na 1929, ọ banyere Industrial Academy na Moscow, ebe ọ hoputara odeakwụkwọ nke party kọmitii. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nke abụọ, na mgbe mbụ odeakwụkwọ nke MGK.

Khrushchev ngwa ngwa nyere ọrụ. Ugbua na 1938, ọ ghọrọ mbụ odeakwụkwọ nke Ukrainian SSR. N'oge Akwa Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya, a họpụtara ya Commissioner nke ọkwá kasị elu. The oge mbụ mgbe agha, N. S. Hruschev bụ onyeisi nke Ukrainian ọchịchị. Ọnwa isii mgbe ọnwụ nke Stalin na 1953, na-aghọ ndị mbụ odeakwụkwọ nke CPSU Central Kọmitii.

-Ebili ka ike

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Iosifa Vissarionovicha na party zuru ot amamihe banyere ndị na-akpọ mkpokọta na-edu ndú. N'ezie, n'ebe n'ohu ahụ Communist Party bụ na zuru siwing esịtidem ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgba. The N'ihi nke ọ bụ na mbata nke Khrushchev na post nke mbụ Secretary nke ndị CPSU Central Committee na September 1953.

Abụọ dị otú ahụ banyere onye kwesịrị iduga mba, wee ebe n'ihi na eziokwu na Stalin onwe ya dịghị mgbe ọ chọrọ a nọchiri, na ikenemke mmasị dị ka onye ga-edu Soviet Union mgbe ọnwụ ya. Party ndú ahụ nnọọ bụghị njikere maka nke a.

Otú ọ dị, tupu na-elu ọnọdụ nke isi nke mba Khrushchev nwere tufuo ndị ọzọ kwere omume na-aga ime na post - G. M. Malenkova na L. P. Berii. Dị ka a N'ihi nke a okpu inwale ẹkemụm ike na 1953, ndị ọhụrụ, Khrushchev kpebiri neutralize ya, si otú enlisting nkwado nke Malenkov. Mgbe ahụ, naanị ihe mgbochi igbochi ya Malenkov ihu na-tutu amama.

anụ ụlọ iwu

Esịtidem iwu nke mba n'oge Khrushchev ike-atụle iche ọjọọ ma ọ bụ iche mma. Ọtụtụ e mere maka mmepe nke ugbo. Nke a karịsịa kwesiri ngosi ruo n'afọ 1958 karịsịa afọ. Nna ọhụrụ na-amaghị nwoke ala, ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọzọ nnwere onwe, ndị a mụụrụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ọcha nke a ahịa aku na uba.

Otú ọ dị, mgbe ndị na 1958 omume nke na-edu ndú nke mba ahụ, na karịsịa Khrushchev malitere njọ ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na mba. Anyị malitere itinye constraining agriculture ndutịm iwu ụzọ. ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ban na ehi ọdịnaya e enyocha. A nnukwu ìgwè ehi e bibiri. Ọnọdụ e kawanye njọ site ndị nkịtị.

Baịbụl doro nnọọ anya echiche nke uka cultivation nke oka na aka njọ ọnọdụ nke ndị mmadụ. Ọka a na-kụrụ na ebe ndị nke mba, ebe ọ na-emekwa ike dajụọ. The mba nri kemgbe nsogbu. Ke adianade do, kụrụ afọ n'ala aku mgbanwe, fọrọ nke nta mere ka a ndabere na mba, nwere a ezighị ezi mmetụta na-ahụ na ego ohere nke ụmụ amaala.

Otú ọ dị, ọ ga-kwuru, na ndị n'ịrụzu oké ihe, nke mere na USSR Khrushchev na-achị. Nke a bụ nnukwu itu ukwu na ohere oru, na nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepe nke sayensị, karịsịa chemical ụlọ ọrụ. Ha melite research institutes, etinye obi gị dum buru ibu ebe maka ọrụ ugbo.

Ke ofụri ofụri, anyị nwere ike ikwu banyere ọdịda iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ setịpụrụ Nikita aku nọ nakwa na ọhaneze na omenala. Na nke a, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na Khrushchev na-aga na-esote afọ iri abụọ na ike na-echekwa n'ezie Kọmunist. N'ihi nke a, akpan akpan, ọ e rụrụ na-emezughị akwụkwọ mgbanwe.

The mmalite nke igbaze

Oge nke Khrushchev akara a ọhụrụ socio-omenala n'aka na ndụ nke mba. Creative ndị mmadụ natara na a uche, a ọtụtụ nke nnwere onwe, malitere imeghe eme ihe nkiri, malitere ịhapụ ọhụrụ magazin. Na Soviet Union wee malite ịkpa uncharacteristic maka ẹdude Ọchịchị visual nkà, ngosi wee pụta ìhè.

E mere mgbanwe ndị na mkpokọta nnwere onwe na mba. Ke laa ga-aghọ ọchịchị mkpọrọ hapụrụ oge nke obi ọjọọ ada na igbu.

Otú ọ dị, ọ nwere ike kwuru na mesikwuru mmegbu nke Orthodox Church si kwuo, a ngwaike-achịkwa ndụ nke okike intelligentsia. E nwere njide na mkpagbu nke ekwesighi dere. Ya mere, na ha zuru ihu Pasternak maka ya nchụàjà "Doctor Zhivago" dere ya. Wee na njide maka "mgbochi Soviet ọrụ."

De-Stalinization

Speech site Khrushchev ka akụkọ "Na Personality òtù nzuzo na Ya na ya pụta" na XX Party Congress ke 1956 kere a furore bụghị naanị party okirikiri, ma na ọha na eze nsụhọ dị ka a dum. Ọtụtụ ndị chere na nke ndị ihe nke e mma maka mbipụta.

Akụkọ ahụ ekwughị ihe ọ bụla nke flaws nke usoro, ma ọ bụ na ihe ọjọọ ahụ nke ọchịchị Kọmunist. The ala n'onwe ya adịghị akatọ. Nnyocha agbanweela naanị eme n'oge afọ-edu ndú nke Stalin àgwà òtù nzuzo. Khrushchev ama obi ọjọọ kpughere mpụ na-ezighị ezi, kwuru nke deportees, nke dara iwu gburu. Katọrọ na-enweghị njide, trumped-up boro ebubo ime mpụ.

Khrushchev na-achị, n'ihi ya akara ọhụrụ oge na ndụ nke mba, na-ekwusa ude nke mejọrọ n'oge gara aga ma na-egbochi ha na-eme n'ọdịnihu. Na n'ezie, na mbata nke a ọhụrụ isi nke ala kwụsịrị igbu, njide mgbada n'usoro. Iji nnwere onwe malitere hapụ ndụ kpọchiri n'ogige ahụ.

Khrushchev Stalin iba ke ụzọ dị iche budata. Khrushchev gbalịrị ghara iji Stalinist ụzọ ọbụna na-alụ na ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide. Ọ emeghị executions nke ya onwe ya na-emegide ma ọ bụghị na-ahazi uka njide.

Nyefe nke Ukraine Crimea

Ugbu a, ntule gburugburu nke nke nyefe nke Crimea Ukraine bilitere na ọbụna karị ike karịa tupu. Na 1954, Crimea peninshula e zigara si RSFSR na USSR, na initiator nke nke e mere site na Khrushchev. Ukraine, n'ihi ya, ọ dịghị mgbe mbụ ekesịpde ókèala. Mkpebi a anana-nsogbu dị n'etiti Russia na Ukraine mgbe ida nke Soviet Union.

E nwere ọtụtụ echiche, gụnyere hoo haa ịrịba, banyere ihe bụ ihe ndị mere na-edu Khrushchev-ewere nzọụkwụ a. Ha na-akọwa na ọ na ọsọ Khrushchev mmesapụ aka, na a echiche nke ibu ọrụ na ikpe ọmụma ndị nke Ukraine maka repressive atumatu nke Stalin. Otú ọ dị, ndị kasị yiri nanị ole na ole chepụtara.

N'ihi ya, ọ na-kweere na peninshula e nyefere n'aka ndị Soviet ndú dị ka a ego Ukrainian ochichi maka enyemaka na nomination maka post nke Mbụ Secretary. Ọzọkwa, dị ka ukara ele ihe anya n'oge ahụ, na nyefe nke Crimea ihe kpatara ya bụ na ịrịba ihe omume - na 300th ncheta nke njikọ dị n'etiti Russia na Ukraine. Na nke a, na nyefe nke Crimea e weere "àmà nke na-akparaghị ókè obi ike nke ndị Russia Ukrainian."

Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na Soviet ndú enweghị ikike re-nkewa nke ala n'ime obodo, na ojuju nke dịịrị banye na mmiri si RSFSR nnọọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Otú ọ dị, dị ka onye ọzọ chere ka ihe omume e rụrụ maka abamuru nke ndị bi na nke Crimea. Nke a na-kọwara site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na a akụkụ nke Russia ka a N'ihi nke na-enwetụbeghị ụdị Mbugharị nke dum iche iche na Stalin oge, Crimea naanị njọ ha aku n'uba. N'agbanyeghị mgbalị nke mba na-edu ndú maka afọ ofufo resettlement nke ndị mmadụ na dịịrị banye na mmiri, ọnọdụ nọgidere na-adịghị mma na ya.

Ọ bụ ya mere na mkpebi e mere banyere redistribution nke esịtidem ala, nke ga-budata melite aku mmekọahụ n'etiti Ukraine na peninshula na-eme ka ya nnukwu bi. Na ziri ezi ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na a ngwọta ekemende me a ịrịba mma na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na Crimea.

mba ọzọ amụma

Khrushchev wee ike, na-aghọta na harmfulness na ihe ize ndụ nke Agha Nzuzo n'etiti Soviet Union na Western mba. Ọbụna tupu ọ Malenkov aro na US ka mma bilateral mmekọahụ, n'ihi egwu nke na o kwere omume kpọmkwem nkukota nkanka mgbe Stalin ọnwụ.

Khrushchev makwa na nuclear standoff nnọọ ize ndụ na detrimental na Soviet steeti. N'oge a, ọ gbalịrị ịchọta na West, karịsịa ndị United States, ihe nke kọntaktị. Ọchịchị Kọmunist na-adịghị na-ewere site na ya dị ka nanị na o kwere omume ụzọ nke mmepe nke ala.

N'ihi ya, Khrushchev, akụkọ ihe mere eme Eserese bụ n'ihi na-akọwa ihe nweela ụfọdụ mgbanwe, iji mba ọzọ amụma na a n'echiche nke rapprochement na West, nke a na-aghọta ihe niile na-erite uru nke abụrụ mgbanwe.

Akawanye njọ mba mmekọahụ

N'otu oge debunking ndị òtù nzuzo nke Stalin àgwà ọjọọ mmetụta na mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị USSR na Communist China. Ke adianade do, na mba ọnọdụ malitere nwayọọ nwayọọ ma n'ezie kpo oku. A ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nke a na-akwalite ahụ iwe nke Italy, France na Israel, iji na Egypt. Khrushchev maara kpọmkwem ndị Soviet Union na East si dị mkpa metụtara na-ahụ kwuru na Soviet Union pụrụ inye kpọmkwem agha enyere ndị enyemaka undergone mba ịchọ okwu.

Ọzọkwa ya malitere ya e kere eke nke a agha-na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị blocs. Ya mere, SEATO e kere 1954. Ke adianade do, Germany e kwetara na NATO. Omume ndị a omume site West Khrushchev kere a agha-na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bloc nke socialist ekwu. Ọ na e kere 1955 na e site ọgwụgwụ nke Warsaw mmeko. The so mba nke Warsaw mmeko bụ Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Albania, Hungary, Bulgaria.

Ke adianade do, mma mmekọahụ Yugoslavia. N'ihi ya, Soviet Union ghọtara akpan akpan nlereanya na mmepe nke ọchịchị Kọmunist.

Na nke a, ọ ga-kwuru enweghị afọ ojuju na-socialist mba nke mara ụlọikwuu, nke ukwuu Noa mgbe hotara na mbụ XX Congress nke CPSU. Karịsịa discontent malitere na Hungary na Poland. Ma ọ bụrụ na nke ikpeazụ bụ ike na-edozi esemokwu n'udo, na Hungarian ihe ndị dugara na a ọbara njedebe, mgbe ndị agha Soviet banyere Budapest.

Ke akpa itie cons nke Khrushchev si mba ọzọ amụma, dị ka ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, bụ ya oké emotionality na demonstrative ngosipụta nke àgwà ya, nke mere ka egwu meekwa na akụkụ nke mba - nnọchiteanya nke Western Bloc.

Cuban agha nsogbu

Siri nke mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị USSR na United States nọgidere na-ụwa ka ọdachi nke nuclear ọdachi. The mbụ njọ exacerbation mere ịgbanwe ha ọnọdụ na ike n'ime onwe ya na a demilitarized mpaghara na 1958 mgbe Khrushchev awade West Germany. A na-amaghị a jụrụ, nke bụ ihe mere maka arịa ọrịa mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị superpowers.

Khrushchev nwakwara akwado nsogbu na-ewu ewu discontent nọ n'ógbè ndị nke ụwa, nke e kpamkpam-enwe mmetụta nke United States. N'otu oge ahụ onwe ha ike States ike pro-American ọchịchị gburugburu ụwa na aku na uba aka ha na ha jikọrọ aka.

Ke adianade do, Soviet Union Intercontinental ballistic ngwá agha e mepụtara. Nke a nwere ike ma ime ka nchegbu na United States. N'otu oge ahụ, na 1961, ọ malitere ọkụ abụọ Berlin nsogbu. Guide West Germany setịpụrụ na-ewu mgbidi kewara East Germany si West Germany. Otú a aga ka iwe Khrushchev na niile Soviet na-edu ndú.

Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị kasị dị ize ndụ oge na mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị USSR na USA ghọrọ ndị Cuban agha nsogbu. Mgbe awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na-West Khrushchev na mkpebi guzosie ike na Cuba a nuclear aka, eduzi megide United States, ụwa nke mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ya bụ na nkịtị nke itule nke mbibi. N'ezie, kpasuru United States na mmegwara bụ Khrushchev. Historical Eserese nke ya, Otú ọ dị, bụ ihe jupụtara ndị dị otú ahụ mbuaha ngwọta, ọ na-adaba n'ime n'ozuzu omume nke Mbụ Secretary. The njedebe nke ihe ndị mere n'abalị nke 27 na October 28, 1962. Ma ike dị njikere na-akpatara ibe preemptive nuclear iku. Otú ọ dị, Khrushchev, na mgbe ahụ bi post of US President Kennedy ghọtara na a nuclear agha ga-ahapụ dịghị mmeri ma ọ bụ losers. Enyemaka nke ụwa, ndị ndú nke ma uche ya ike.

Dara na osisi

Khrushchev, akụkọ ihe mere eme Eserese bụ ambiguous, n'ihi na nke ndụ ahụmahụ na agwa àgwà ọ kawanye njọ ihe ugbua nnọọ tensi mba ọnọdụ na mgbe ụfọdụ negated site ya rụzuru.

Ke akpatre afọ nke ọchịchị ya, Khrushchev kwetara ihe emehie na anụ ụlọ iwu. The ndụ nke ndị bi na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọọ njọ. N'ihi na ọrịa na-ewere mkpebi na ụlọ ahịa shelves na-emekarị bụghị doro bụghị nanị anụ, ma na-acha ọcha nri. Khrushchev ike na ya ikike nwayọọ nwayọọ adịkwaghị na furu efu ike.

Na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị okirikiri e nwere mkpesa. Nabatara Khrushchev jupụtara na ọ bụghị mgbe niile asian mkpebi na mgbanwe ike ma kpalie party na-edu ndú na-atụ egwu na iyatesịt. Otu nke ikpeazụ tụlee ibu amanyere bụ iwu adiana nke party ndú, bụ nke were Khrushchev. Ya biography na oge a na-eme ememe niile ọzọ ọdịda metụtara na doo nke unreasoned mkpebi. O sina dị, Khrushchev nọgide na-arụ ọrụ na ata nti ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na ọbụna Malite doo nke a ọhụrụ oruru na 1961.

Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ na-edu ndú na ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu na-ike gwụrụ nke na-jupụtara na-ejighị n'aka management nke mba mbụ odeakwụkwọ nke Central Kọmitii. October 14, 1964 na Plenum atụghị anya kpọrọ si ezumike N. S. Hruschev E wepụrụ ya nile gara aga post. The ukara akwụkwọ na-ekwu na mgbanwe nke otu onye ndú mere n'ihi agadi Khrushchev na nsogbu ahụ ike. Mgbe na Khrushchev e zitere n'ime ezumike nká.

ntule nke ọrụ

N'agbanyeghị mma nnyocha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme banyere ndị esịtidem na mpụga atumatu nke Khrushchev, mmegbu nke omenala na-arịa ọrịa nke akụ na ụba ndụ nke mba, Nikita Sergeyevich, ị pụrụ ịkpọ ya onye wetara ya na a oké mba nweta. Otu n'ime ha bụ na igba egbe nke mbụ wuru satellite, na spacewalk nke nwoke mbụ, na owuwu nke ụwa mbụ nuklia ike osisi, ma na ọ bụghị dị ka doro nnọọ anya ule nke bọmbụ hydrogen.

Ọ na-ghọtara na budata steepụ mmepe nke sayensị na mba bụ Khrushchev. Historical Eserese nke ya, n'agbanyeghị niile ngwọju-anya ọbụla na unpredictability nke àgwà ya, nwere ike a gbakwunyere na a mụ na ọchịchọ siri ike ka mma ná ndụ nke ndị nkịtị na mba, na-eme ka Soviet Union a isi n'ụwa ike. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ rụzuru nwere ike kwuru na ihe e kere eke nke nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker "Lenin", nke bụ na-butere Khrushchev. Nkenke anyị nwere ike ikwu banyere ya dị ka onye na-achọ ike na mba ma internally na externally, ma n'otu oge ime mmehie. Otú ọ dị, na njirimara nke Khrushchev ezi na-ewe ya ebe ke pedestal nke oké ndú Soviet.