Lasers na nkà ọgwụ. The ojiji nke lasers na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na sayensị

Kemgbe afọ iri ise lasers e ji na ophthalmology, oncology, plastic ịwa ahụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na ebe nke na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na Biomedical Research.

Na-ekwe omume nke na-eji ìhè na-emeso ọrịa a mara ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga. Ndị Grik oge ochie na Ijipt mee anyanwụ radieshon ọgwụ, na abụọ ndị a echiche ọbụna metụtara onye ọ bụla ọzọ na akụkọ ifo - Greek chi Apollo bụ chi nke anyanwụ na-agwọ ọrịa.

Ọ bụ nanị mgbe mepụtara nke isi iyi nke coherent radieshon n'ihi na ihe karịrị afọ 50 gara aga bụ n'ezie MATA nwere ojiji nke ìhè na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.

Ruru ya pụrụ iche Njirimara, na laser bụ ihe ndị ọzọ ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa anyanwụ radieshon ma ọ bụ isi mmalite ndị ọzọ. Onye ọ bụla kwantum generator na-arụ ọrụ na a warara nke ukwuu wavelength nso na-ewepụtarịrị coherent ìhè. Ọzọkwa, lasers na nkà mmụta ọgwụ ekwe ka gị ike ọzọ ike. ike doo nwere ike lekwasịrị anya ka a nnọọ obere ihe, nke utịp ke na ya elu njupụta. A Njirimara nwere emeela ka ha na n'eziokwu taa lasers na-eji ọtụtụ ebe nke ọgwụ na ahụ ike nchọpụta nsogbu, ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ.

Skin na anya ọgwụgwọ

The ojiji nke lasers na nkà mmụta ọgwụ malitere na ophthalmology na Dermatology. Maser e meghere na 1960. Na a afọ mgbe na Leon Goldman gosiri na rubi red laser na na nkà mmụta ọgwụ nwere ike iji na-ewepụ ndị capillary dysplasia, dịgasị iche iche nke nevi na melanoma.

Nke a ngwa dabeere na ike nke coherent ìhè na isi mmalite na-arụ ọrụ na a kpọmkwem wavelength. Isi mmalite nke coherent radieshon na-now ọtụtụ ebe ada na-ewepụ etuto ahụ, tattoos, ntutu na ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ.

Na Dermatology, lasers na-eji dị iche iche na ụdị na-wavelengths, nke e mere site dị iche iche nke ngwọta ọnya na isi-adọrọ mmasị na ihe onwunwe n'ime ha. The wavelength na-adaberekwa na ọrịa na-anụ.

Taa ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-eme Dermatology na ophthalmology enweghị lasers, ebe ha na-isi ngwaọrụ nke ime na-elekọta. The ojiji nke lasers maka ọhụụ mgbazi na a dịgasị iche iche nke ophthalmic ngwa ubara mgbe Charles Campbell na 1961 ghọrọ ndị mbụ dibịa iji red lasers na nkà mmụta ọgwụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa na retinal detachment.

Mgbe e mesịrị, n'ihi nzube a, ophthalmologists malitere iji argon isi mmalite nke coherent radieshon na green akụkụ nke ụdịdị dị iche iche. E ji mee ihe Njirimara nke anya, karịsịa oghere na-elekwasị anya na doo na ubi nke retinal detachment. Ukwuu ike ngwa ya n'ụzọ nkịtị welds.

Ọrịa na ụdị ụfọdụ nke macular mbelata nwere ike inyere aka laser ịwa - laser photocoagulation na photodynamic ọgwụ. Ke akpa usoro, a doo nke coherent radieshon na-eji maka oru ọbara arịa na ha enweghị nchịkwa slowing nke ibu n'okpuru macula.

Yiri ọmụmụ e duziri na 1940 na ìhè anyanwụ, ma n'ihi na ha ịga nke ọma ẹkụre ndị dọkịta dị mkpa pụrụ iche Njirimara nke kwantum generators. Esonụ ngwa nke ihe argon laser aghọwo a stop esịtidem ọbara ọgbụgba. Nhọrọ absorption nke green ìhè haemoglobin - ink mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie - e ji mee maka igbochi ọbara arịa ọbara ọgbụgba. Maka ọgwụgwọ nke cancer ime ọbara arịa n'ime akpụ na ya kpọbata nri.

Nke a enweghị ike na-enweta site na iji ìhè anyanwụ. Medicine bụ nnọọ mgbanwe, dị ka o kwesịrị, ma isi mmalite nke coherent radieshon natara ude na ya dị iche iche ebe. Lasers na nkà mmụta ọgwụ dochie ọtụtụ ọdịnala ngwaọrụ.

Ophthalmology na Dermatology uru excimer isi mmalite nke coherent radieshon na ultraviolet nso. Ha anọwo na ọtụtụ ebe ada na ịkpụgharị ndị cornea (LASIK) maka mgbazi nke ọhụụ. Lasers na aesthetic na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na-eji wepụ stains na wrinkles.

Ọrụ na-enye ịchọ mma ịwa

Ndị a na nkà na ụzụ na-ekpe-apụghị izere ezere na-ewu ewu azụmahịa investors, dị ka ha nwere nnukwu ike n'ihi uru. Analyst ike Medtech Insight na 2011 atụmatụ ahịa nke ịchọ mma laser akụrụngwa bara uru karịa $ 1 ijeri. N'ezie, n'agbanyeghị na ọnụ ke n'ozuzu ina ike usoro n'oge zuru ụwa ọnụ nlaazu, ịchọ mma ịwa ahụ, dabere na ojiji nke lasers, nọgide na-enwe anụ ina ke United States - ọchịchị kasị laser usoro ahịa.

Anya na nchọpụta nsogbu

Lasers na nkà mmụta ọgwụ play ọrụ dị mkpa nke oge mbụ nchọpụta nke cancer na ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Ihe atụ, na Tel Aviv, a ìgwè nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere mmasi na Iye spectroscopy iji infrared coherent radieshon isi mmalite. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ na cancer na ike anụ ahụ nwere ike dị iche iche permeability na infrared nso. One of ekwe ngwa nke usoro a bụ njirimara nke melanoma. Skin cancer, n'oge nchoputa bụ nnọọ mkpa maka ndụ nke ọrịa. Ugbu a, ndị nchọpụta nke melanoma bụ na anya, otú a na-adabere na nkà nke onye dibịa.

Na Israel, otu ugboro n'afọ, onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịga a free echetakwa nke melanoma. Ọtụtụ afọ gara aga na otu nke isi ike emmepe na-eduzi ọmụmụ, nke rụpụtara na ohere o doro anya na na-edebe ihe dị iche na infrared nso nke ihe dị iche n'etiti ndị nwere, ma ọ bụghị dị ize ndụ e ji mara, na ugbu melanoma.

Katzir, na nhazi nke mbụ Conference of Spie Biomedical Optics na 1984, na ndi otu ya na Tel Aviv na-mepụtara ngwa anya emep uta eri na-uzo ka infrared wavelengths, ikwe ịgbatị usoro a na esịtidem nchọpụta nsogbu. Ke adianade do, o nwere ike ịbụ a ngwa ngwa na enweghi mgbu ọzọ ka cervical smears na ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị.

Blue okporo ọkụ laser na na nkà mmụta ọgwụ e etinyere na fluorescence nchoputa.

Systems dabeere na kwantum generators na-amalite na-eji dochie X-ray, nke e omenala eji na mammography. X-ụzarị dọkịta na-etinye a siri ike nsogbu: n'ihi na a pụrụ ịdabere na nchọpụta nke ọrịa cancer mkpa ka ha akwa siri, ma radieshon ibu site n'onwe ya na-enwekwu ihe ize ndụ nke kansa. Nhọrọ, anyị na-amụ-ekwe omume nke na-eji nnọọ ngwa ngwa laser pulses maka a ara image, na ndị ọzọ na akụkụ ahụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ụbụrụ.

Ọkt anya na ọ bụghị naanị

Lasers na usoro ndu na nkà mmụta ọgwụ e ji na ngwa anya coherence tomography (Ọkt), nke edemede a ife nke ịnụ ọkụ n'obi. Nke a Onyonyo Usoro eji maser Njirimara na ike inye a doro nnọọ anya (na iji nke a micron), a ezigbo oge atọ akụkụ image na cross ndu anụ ahụ. Ọkt esesịn a etinyere na ophthalmology, na ike, n'ihi na ihe atụ, nwee ophthalmologist ịhụ a cross ngalaba nke cornea maka Ịchọpụta Otú Nsogbu retinal ọrịa na glaucoma. Taa, na ígwè ọrụ malitere ga-eji na-na ndị ọzọ ubi nke na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.

Otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu ebe kpụrụ ruru Oct aku nweta eriri-ngwa anya Onyonyo akwara. Optical coherence tomography ike ga-eji na-amata na steeti ewekarị agbawa nke na-ejighị n'aka ihe e dere ede.

Microscopy ndụ ntule

Lasers na sayensị, engineering, na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na-play a isi ọrụ na ọtụtụ ụdị nke Microscopy. a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnyocha e mere na mpaghara ebe a, nzube ya bụ ka iji anya nke uche ihe na-eme n'ime ọrịa ahụ n'ejighị a mkpa mee.

Ndị kasị sie ike na-ewepụ ndị cancer bụ mkpa ka mgbe niile eme ka ọrụ nke microscope, ndị dọkịta na-awa nwere ike ime ka n'aka na e mere ihe nile n'ụzọ ziri ezi. The ike ime Microscopy "ndụ" na na ozugbo bụ ịrịba nweta.

A ọhụrụ ngwa nke lasers na nkà na nkà mmụta ọgwụ - ịgụ isiokwu nso-ubi ngwa anya Microscopy, nke nwere ike na-emepụta ihe oyiyi na a mkpebi nnọọ elu karịa ndị nke ot microscopes. Nke a na usoro dabeere na ngwa anya emep uta eri na notches na nsọtụ, dị ntakịrị karịa ndị wavelength nke ìhè. Nke a kwere ka subwavelength Onyonyo, na tọrọ ntọala maka Onyonyo nke ndu mkpụrụ ndụ. The ojiji nke a technology na infrared lasers ga-ekwe ka a mma nghọta nke ọrịa Alzheimer, cancer, na ndị ọzọ na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ.

Photodynamic ọgwụ na ndị ọzọ na agwọ ọrịa

Developments na ubi nke ngwa anya esiwọrọ aka ike ojiji nke lasers na ndị ọzọ ubi. Ke adianade do, ha na-ekwe nchoputa n'ime ahu, na ike nke coherent radieshon pụrụ ibunye ebe ọ dị mkpa. Nke a nwere ike na-eji na ọgwụgwọ. Eriri lasers bụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ elu. Ha fundamentally mgbanwe na nkà mmụta ọgwụ nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.

Area photomedicine eji ìhè-chebaara Chemicals na-emekọ ihe ahụ na a n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, nwere ike na-amalite na-enyemaka nke lasers maka nchoputa na ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa. Na photodynamic ọgwụ (PDT), n'ihi na ihe atụ, a laser na a photosensitive ọgwụ nwere ike iweghachi ọhụụ ọrịa na "mmiri" ụdị ebighi-yiri macular mbelata, a isi-akpata ikpu ìsì ndị mmadụ afọ afọ 50.

Na oncology ụfọdụ porphyrins akpọkọtara na cancer mkpụrụ ndụ, na fluoresce mgbe ìhè ụfọdụ wavelength, na-egosi na ọnọdụ nke ngwọta. Ọ bụrụ na ndị a otu ogige na-ahụ mata a dị iche iche wavelength, ha na-aghọ na-egbu egbu na-egbu ahụ mebiri emebi mkpụrụ ndụ.

A red helium-Neon gas laser na-eji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ nke osteoporosis, psoriasis, venous ọnyá, wdg, a na-ugboro na-ọma etinye obi gị dum site na haemoglobin na enzymes. Radieshon slows mbufụt, edema na hyperemia egbochi, mma ọbara ọkọnọ.

ahaziri ọgwụgwọ

Abụọ ọzọ ebe bụ nke a na ojiji maka lasers - mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na epigenetics.

N'ọdịnihu, ihe niile ga-eme ná nanoscale, nke ga-ekwe ka na-eme na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na cell n'ike. Lasers nke nwere ike n'ịwa femtosecond pulses na-ekiri ka a kpọmkwem wavelength, bụ ezigbo mma maka ọrụ dibịa.

Nke a ga-emeghe ụzọ maka a ahaziri ọgwụgwọ dabere na onye ọrịa genome.

Leon Goldman - nchoputa nke Laser Medicine

Ekwu okwu banyere ojiji nke lasers na ọgwụgwọ nke ndị mmadụ, tinyekwara Leon Goldman. Ọ a maara dị ka "nna" nke laser na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.

A afọ mgbe coherent radieshon iyi Goldman mepụtara mbụ na-eme nchọpụta na-eji ya maka ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa akpụkpọ. Usoro etinyere ọkà mmụta sayensị onye meghere ụzọ maka ụdi mmepe nke laser Dermatology.

Ya research ke ufọt ufọt 1960 mere ka ojiji nke a rubi maser na ịwa ahụ nke retina na ndị dị otú ahụ emeekwala ka ekwe omume nke coherent radieshon n'otu oge ịkpụ akpụkpọ akara ọbara arịa, na ịmachi ọbara ọgbụgba.

Goldman, na-arụ ọrụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, a dematọlọjist na University of Cincinnati, tọrọ ntọala American Society of Lasers na Medicine na Ịwa Ahụ, na nyeere tọọ ntọala maka laser nchekwa. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1997

miniaturization

The mbụ 2-micron lasers hà a abụọ bed na mma na mmiri mmiri nitrogen. Taa pụtara diode na dabara na nkwụ, ọbụna miniature eriri lasers. Mgbanwe ndị dị otú na-emeghere onwe ọhụrụ ngwa na ihe ndị. Medicine nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ga-a obere lasers maka ịwa ahụ n'ụbụrụ.

N'ihi na nkà na ụzụ na-enwe ọganihu e nwere a mgbe nile Mbelata-akwụ ụgwọ. Dị nnọọ ka lasers aghọwo juru ebe nile na n'ji ngwá electronic, ha malitere ịkụ a isi ọrụ na ụlọ ọgwụ na akụrụngwa.

Ọ bụrụ na mbụ lasers na nkà mmụta ọgwụ bụ nnọọ ukwuu na mgbagwoju, ọ taa ha mmepụta nke ngwa anya esiwọrọ budata belata na-eri, na Transition ka nanolevel ga n'ihu belata-akwụ ụgwọ.

ndị ọzọ ngwa

Iji lasers urologists ike na-emeso urethral stricture, benign waatị, urinary nkume, eriri afo contracture, na prostate nditat.

The ojiji nke laser na na nkà mmụta ọgwụ nyeere neurosurgeons mee kpọmkwem he na ịrụ endoscopic ule nke ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ.

Veterinarians iji lasers maka endoscopic usoro, coagulation nke etuto ahụ, mbepụ, na photodynamic ọgwụ.

Ụlọ iji coherent ìhè nke na-eme n'oghere chịngọm ahụ n'ihi antibacterial usoro, eze desensitization na roto-ọdịdị ihu nchoputa.

laser tuwizas

Biomedical na-eme nnyocha na gburugburu ụwa na-eji ngwa anya tuwizas, cell sorters, nakwa dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na ngwaọrụ. Laser tuwizas nkwa mma ma ndị ọzọ ngwa ngwa nchoputa nke cancer na-eji weghara nje, bacteria, ezi metal ahụ na DNA uzo.

The ngwa anya tuwizas coherent doo nke radieshon a na-eji jide na bugharia microscopic akpọkwa ke otu ụzọ dị ka metal ma ọ bụ plastic tuwizas ike bulie obere na-emebi emebi ihe. Onye ụmụ irighiri nwere ike mma site n'ịrapara ha a mpempe iko ma ọ bụ micron-sized chaplet nke polystyrene. Mgbe doo akụrisị bọl, ọ bụ curved na nwere a obere mmetụta, ịkwa bọl ogologo n'ime etiti nke ákwà.

Nke a na-emepụta ihe "ngwa anya ọnyà", nke bụ ike nke na-ejide nta ahụ na okporo osisi nke ìhè.

Laser ọgwụ: uru na ọghọm

The ike nke coherent radieshon, osisi ike nke nwere ike modulated, a na-eji ịkpụ, mbibi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke cell ma ọ bụ ndị extracellular Ọdịdị nke ndu arọ. Ọzọkwa, na ojiji nke lasers na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, na obere, na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ma na-akwalite na-agwọ ọrịa. The ojiji nke lasers na ịwa ahụ na-abawanye izi ezi nke ịkpụ, Otú ọ dị, ha na-ize ndụ ka nwanyị dị ime na e nwere a contraindication maka ojiji nke photosensitizing ọgwụ ọjọọ.

The mgbagwoju Ọdịdị nke ahụ anụ ahụ adịghị ekwe ka ihe doro nnọọ anya nkọwa nke ihe ndị oge gboo ndu assays. Lasers na Medicine (foto) bụ ngwá ọrụ dị irè maka mbibi nke cancer mkpụrụ ndụ. Otú ọ dị, dị ike isi mmalite nke coherent radieshon bụ indiscriminately na-ebibi bụghị nanị na-emetụta, ma gburugburu anụ ahụ. Nke a ihe onwunwe - otu ihe dị mkpa ngwá ọrụ microdissection usoro eji maka molekụla analysis n'ebe mmasị na-ekwe omume nke nhọrọ mbibi nke n'ekpere mkpụrụ ndụ. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke a technology bụ iji merie heterogeneity ugbu a na ihe niile ndu anụ ahụ, iji ikwado ha nnyocha na mma-kọwaa bi. N'echiche a, a na laser microdissection mere ka a dị ịrịba ama onyinye mmepe nke nnyocha na nghọta nke n'ahụ usoro na taa nwere ike doro anya na owụt na ndị bi larịị, na ọbụna otu cell.

Ọtọ anụ ahụ engineering aghọwo isi ihe mmepe nke usoro ndu. Gịnị na-eme ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na ịkpụ ndị actin emep uta eri na nkewa? Will na Drosophila nwa bụ anụ ma ọ bụrụ na ime mkpụrụ ndụ mgbe ịkpakọba ọnọdụ? Gịnị bụ kwa aka na osisi meristem mpaghara? All nke ndị a okwu nwere ike a ga-edozi na enyemaka nke lasers.

Nanomedicine

Nso nso a, a plurality nke nanostructures enwe Njirimara adabara a dịgasị iche iche nke ndu ngwa. Ihe kacha mkpa bụ:

• kwantum ntụpọ - emitting irighiri nke nanometer nha-eji na elu-uche Onyonyo cell;
• magnetik nanoparticles nke hụrụ ngwa ọgwụ omume;
• polima ahụ maka encapsulated ọgwụgwọ ụmụ irighiri;
• dara nanoparticles.

Mmepe nke nanotechnology na ojiji nke lasers na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, na obere, gbanweworo n'ụzọ na inye ọgwụ ọjọọ. The suspensions nke nanoparticles nwere ọgwụ ọjọọ nwere ike welie ọgwụgwọ index nke ọtụtụ ogige (nrụpụta ma dịkwuo solubility, ala toxicity) site nhọrọ ihe na-emetụta anụ ahụ na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha na-enyefe ndị nọ n'ọrụ mgwa nakwa dị ka na-achịkwa ntọhapụ nke nọ n'ọrụ mgwa omume mpụga stimuli. Nanoteranostika ibuo obibia bụ n'ihu Inye sọrọ ojiji nke nanoparticles, ọgwụ compound, ọgwụ na-achọpụta ọrịa Onyonyo mmadụ, nke ga-emepe ụzọ maka ahaziri ọgwụgwọ.

The ojiji nke lasers na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na usoro ndu maka microdissection na fotoablatsii kwere na ọkwa dị iche iche nke nghọta nke n'ahụ usoro nke mmepe nke ọrịa. The results ga-enyere chọpụta ndị kasị mma ụzọ nke nchoputa na ọgwụgwọ nke ọ bụla ndidi. Nanotechnology mmepe na nso njikọ na rụzuru na Onyonyo ubi ga-adị oké mkpa. Nanomedicine bụ a ekwe ọhụrụ ụdị ọgwụgwọ maka ụdị ụfọdụ nke ọrịa cancer, na-efe efe ọrịa ma ọ bụ nchoputa.