Molekul: a molekul arọ. The size na uka nke ụmụ irighiri

The mejupụtara nke mgbagwoju ihe, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-kpụrụ irighiri - atọm, na ụmụ irighiri ihe, ion. Molekụla Ọdịdị nwere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri na ikuku ndi, nakwa dị ka ụfọdụ siri ike ahu. Atọm na ion nkejikotara ọla, ọtụtụ salts. All ahụ nwere uka, ọbụna mkpụrụ kasị nta molekul. Mass nke molekul, ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-egosipụta ya na kilos, na-anabatakwa a nnọọ obere uru. Ka ihe atụ, m (H ₂ O) = 30 • 10 ^-27 n'arọ. Otú ahụ dị mkpa e ji mara nke a umi ka ịdị arọ na akụkụ nke microparticles, dịwo mụọ ọmụmụ physics na chemists. Ntọala na-tọgbọrọ ọrụ nke Mikhail Lomonosov na Dzhona Daltona. Tụlee otú agbanwebeghị kemgbe echiche na microcosm.

University ngosi nke "corpuscles"

Ọtụtụ ndị chere nke pụrụ iche Ọdịdị nke okwu kwupụtara ọkà mmụta Gris oge ochie. Mgbe e nyere ya aha "atọm" kasị nta indivisible urughuru nke ozu, "ụlọ nkanka" nke eluigwe na ala. The oké Russian ọkà mmụta M. V. Lomonosov dere banyere negligible na indivisible anụ ahụ pụtara urughuru Ọdịdị nke ihe - corpuscle. Mgbe e mesịrị, na ihe odide nke ndị ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta, a na-akpọ "molekul".

Mass molekul na ya akụkụ na-ekpebisi ike site na Njirimara nke ya constituent atọm. N'ihi na a ogologo oge ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị enwebeghị ike ka anya miri n'ime microcosm na-egbochi mmepe nke onwu na physics. Lomonosov ugboro ugboro ume ọrụ ibe ịmụta na ọrụ ha nke dabeere n'ezi quantitative data - a "ụfọdụ na ibu ibu." Site na-arụ ọrụ nke Russian mmiri ọgwụ na physics tọrọ ntọala nke ozizi nke ihe owuwu nke ihe, nke ga-aghọ akụkụ nke coherent atọm-molekụla Ozizi.

Atọm na ụmụ irighiri - "ụlọ blocks nke eluigwe na ala"

Ọbụna microscopically obere ihe siri ike ịhụ ha, ha nwere dị iche iche Njirimara. Ahụ dị ka atọm, kpụrụ isi na electronic n'ígwé dị iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oma ma na-adịghị mma ebubo okirikiri arọ. Atọm na ụmụ irighiri adị mejupụtara nke bekee, bụghị na-akpa iche, ha na-dọtara dị iche iche ike. More kwesiri ngosi mmetụta nke mara mma-agha na solids, adịghị ike - na mmiri, na o siri ike chere ke gaseous bekee.

Chemical Jeremaya mere na-adịghị esonyere site na mbibi atọm. Ọtụtụ mgbe, e nwere a regrouping nke ha, ọ dị ihe ọzọ molekul. Mass molekul na-adabere ihe atọm ọ kpụrụ. Ma na niile mgbanwe ndị na-atọm dị na ya indivisible. Ma ha pụrụ ịghọ akụkụ nke dị iche iche ụmụ irighiri ihe. The atọm ejigide Njirimara nke mmewere nke. Molekul tupu rere ere n'ime atọm retains niile àgwà umi.

Microparticle Ọdịdị nke ozu - molekul. uka nke molekul

Tụọ uka macrobodies na ngwaọrụ na-eji, ndị kasị ochie nke - akpịrịkpa. The n'ihe N'ihi na conveniently kwadebere kilogram, dị ka ndị bụ isi na unit nke anụ ahụ quantities nke mba usoro (SI). Iji chọpụta molekụla uka na kilogram, ọ dị mkpa ọ ga-atọgbọ ha atọm igwe dabeere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ahụ. N'ihi na mma, a pụrụ iche unit nke uka e ẹkenam - nuclear. Ị nwere ike ide ya n'ụdị akwụkwọ ozi ndebiri (amu). Nke a unit kwekọrọ na onye-iri na abụọ nke uka nke nuclide nke carbon ¹² C.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-egosipụta uru dị na ọkọlọtọ nkeji, anyị na-enweta 1,66 • 10 ^-27 n'arọ. Ndị dị otú ahụ obere egosi maka uka ozu mee tumadi physics. Isiokwu bụ a table nke i nwere ike ịmụta ihe dị ọha mmadụ nke atọm nke ụfọdụ chemical ọcha. Iji chọpụta ihe bụ uka nke otu molekul nke hydrogen na kilogram, ba uba site na abụọ gosiri na table nke atọm uka nke chemical mmewere. N'ihi bụ a ibu uru ụmụ irighiri esịnede abụọ atọm.

Ikwu molekụla uka

O siri ike na-arụ ọrụ na ngụkọta oge nke ukwuu obere obere, ọ bụ kemmekpa ahu, na-eduga ná-ewe oge, njehie-ewekarị. Ma arọ nke microparticles, mgbe ntọhapụ nke ndị ike ọnọdụ bụ ojiji nke ikwu ụkpụrụ. Maara chemists okwu mejupụtara abụọ okwu - "atọm uka", ya akara - Ar. Yiri echiche mata molekụla arọ (otu uka nke molekul). The usoro metụtara abụọ quantities: Mr = m (a lekwasịrị) / 1/12 m ⁽¹² C).

Ọtụtụ mgbe, i nwere ike ịnụ ihe ha na-ekwu "molekụla arọ." Nke a gharazie ịba uru okwu na-eji ọbụna na-akwanyere ndị molekụla arọ, ma obere ugboro ugboro. Nke bụ eziokwu na ibu - na ọ bụ a dị iche iche n'ụzọ anụ buru ibu - ike nke nke na-adabere na ala na-achịkọta nke ahu. N'ụzọ dị iche, uka a mgbe nile e ji mara nke ahụ na-ekere òkè na chemical Filiks, na-akpali na nkịtị ọsọ.

Olee otú iji chọpụta molekụla ibu

The kpọmkwem definition nke molekul ibu na-ebu site ngwá - uka spectrometer. Iji dozie nsogbu, ị nwere ike iji ozi si oge table. Ka ihe atụ, uka nke ihe oxygen molekul bụ 2 • 16 = 32. Anyị ịrụ dị mfe mgbawa na-ahụ uru nke Mr (H ₂ O) - ikwu molekụla ibu mmiri. Site oge Isiokwu a kọwara na uka nke oxygen - 16, hydrogen - 1. Bịaruo mfe mgbawa: M _r (H ₂ O) = 1 + 2 • 16 = 18, ebe M _r - molekụla arọ, H ₂ O - mmiri molekul, H - hydrogen akara mmewere O - chemical oxygen ịrịba ama.

pụta nke isotopes

Chemical ọcha na ọdịdị na technology adị dị ka ọtụtụ ụdị atọm - isotopes. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere otu onye ibu, ya bara uru nwere ike ịbụ a fractional uru. Otú ọ dị, atọm ibu nke chemical mmewere mgbe bụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ na multiple ịrịba ama mgbe mgbe. Mgbe mgbawa n'ime akaụntụ njupụta nke ọ bụla umu ke Earth jikọrọ ọnụ. Ya mere, uka nke atọm na oge table bụ bụchaghị integers. Iji ndị a ụkpụrụ maka mgbawa, anyị na-uka nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, nke bụkwa bụghị integers. Mgbe ụfọdụ, o nwere ike ịbụ a ịchịkọta uru.

Molekụla ibu nke na-abụghị molekụla Ọdịdị nke okwu

Kasị inorganic ogige adịghị molekụla Ọdịdị. Ọla na-ekewet nke atọm, ion na free electrons, salts - of cations na anions. N'ihi na bekee na-abụghị molekụla ibu owuwu nwekwara gua nhazi ụmụ irighiri nke oké njọ usoro, na-atụgharị uche mfe Ọdịdị. Anyị chọta Mr uru maka ionic bekee Ọdịdị - nnu onye usoro NaCl. M _r = 23 + 35,5 = 55,5. N'ihi na ụfọdụ ụdị nke mgbawa chọrọ molekụla uka nke ikuku - gas ngwakọta. Ịtụle pasent nke dị iche iche bekee na ikuku, molekụla uka nke elu-igwe bu nke 29.

The size na uka nke ụmụ irighiri

Electron micrographs nke nnukwu ụmụ irighiri pụrụ ịtụle onye atọm, ma na ha bụ otú obere na nkịtị mikroskopu nwere ike ghara hụrụ. Linear urughuru size nke ọ bụla umi ka ịdị arọ, - a mgbe nile e ji mara. Na dayameta nke molekul na-adabere na radii nke ya constituent atọm, ha nwekọrọ mma. Urughuru nha ịdị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke protons na ume etoju. Hydrogen atọm - kasị nta na size, ya na okirikiri bụ naanị 0,5 • 10 ^-8 cm uranium atọm bụ ugboro atọ ọzọ hydrogen atọm .. Ndị a "Refeyim" nke microcosm - na ụmụ irighiri nke organic bekee. N'ihi ya, otu n'ime linear akụkụ nke protein urughuru bụ 44 • 10 ^-8 cm.

Iji ichikota: uka nke ụmụ irighiri - bụ nchikota nke ọha mmadụ nke atọm n'ime ha. The zuru uru kilogram nwere ike enwetara site na-amụba molekụla ibu dị na oge Isiokwu, ego 1,66 • 10 ^-27 n'arọ.

The ụmụ irighiri bụ negligible tụnyere nnukwu-ozu. Ihe atụ, na size nke mmiri molekul H ₂ O na-enye apple ka ọtụtụ ugboro, ugboro ole a na mkpụrụ osisi dị obere karịa ụwa anyị.