Molekụla ibu: ọdịdị zuru oke nke chemical egosi, ụzọ nke mkpebi siri ike

Molekụla arọ bụ arọ nke niile atọm dị na iche molekul. Nke a na egosi na-kwupụtara amu (Atomic uka nkeji).

The chemical mgbe ụfọdụ uru gbakọọ ke kilogram. Iji mezuo nke a, ọ na-ọtụtụ site 1.66057 10 ^-27. Ọnụ ọgụgụ a 1 amu uka kwekọrọ 1/12 na ibu ibu nke onye atọm nuclide ¹² C. N'ọnọdụ ka ukwuu, ojiji nke ikwu molekụla arọ, nke bụ molekụla arọ ruru nke arọ nke otu atọm unit.

Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na a na ọnụ ọgụgụ ga-enyere ya mara na uka nke a molekul na niile isotopes na-etolite na kwekọrọ ekwekọ chemical compound.

The macroscopic unit ego nke umi, nke a na-akpọ "mol" bụ ihe ọ bụla mgbe nile nọmba nke ahụ - atọm ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe, ihe elektrọn ma ọ bụ ion ụzọ abụọ. A ego bụ 6.022 * October ²³ (na-akpọ Avogadro mgbe nile). Iji nweta ikwu molekụla arọ, molekụla ibu ga-uba site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ma kee ya site ngwaahịa nke Avogadro mgbe nile na uka nke otu atọm unit.

Dị ka akọwapụtara site molekụla arọ nke umi?

Ihe kacha ụzọ chọpụta a oke bụ iji a pụrụ iche usoro, dị ka nke a compound mkpa ibu kewara ekewa site nọmba ya.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị maara na chemical usoro nke a compound onye molekụla ibu na-adị mfe kpebisiri ike site na oge table, n'ihi ya, a bara uru na-owụt maka onye ọ bụla ihe na ya kwekọrọ ekwekọ ordinal nọmba. Ọ bụ iji chọta nchikota nke molekụla igwe nke niile mmiri nke njikọ.

Dị ka Avogadro iwu, na otu ego nke gas dị otu nọmba nke molekụla ahụ. Na echiche nke ndị dị otú ahụ ihe nakawa etu esi Mendeleev-Clapeyron akụkụ e nwetara. Molekụla uka nke gas nwere ike kpebisie na iji usoro. Maka mgbawa mkpa ka ị mara ọtụtụ ihe na-egosi - arọ nke umi, na eluigwe na ala gas mgbe nile, na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ke Kelvin, nsogbu na Pascals na olu na m ^3. N'ihi na nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị data na njehie na ngụkọta oge nke ndị kacha nta, ma ọ ga-kwuru na akụkụ nke Mendeleev-Clapeyron nti naanị maka gaseous bekee.

Molekụla arọ nke obodo ogige nwere ike kpebisie ike site uka spectrometry ma ọ bụ gas chromatography eji gas igwe Martin. The nkezi uru nke a index maka polymeric ihe na a elu polymerization ogo a gbakọtara dabere na ha rheological e ji mara na Njirimara nke ha ngwọta (e.g., viscosity, ma ọ bụ ìhè chụsasịrị ike).

Iji chọpụta nke molekụla ibu?

Space uru nke a buru ibu na-eji ya iji chọpụta dị iche iche chemical ogige ma ka mata onye nucleotides na ule umi. E wezụga chemical egosi a na-ekpebisi ike site na nchọpụta a na-njikọ nke macromolecular ogige, ya bụ Njirimara-adabere na nke a oke.