Ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ ukem - ụwa

The mkpa n'ụzọ ziri ezi chọpụta na ọnọdụ ụwa elu na ya gbara ya gburugburu ihe ibu karịsịa mkpa ka mmadụ na mmalite nke nọ n'ọrụ na-amụ planet.
Geographic achịkọta - ohere na lonjituudu - kpebisiri ike na site n'ókè nke nrutu nke abụọ chepụtara echepụta edoghi - aghota na meridians. Ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ yiri nke ohere nke na-amalite - ekwueto.

Malite aha

An chepụtara echepụta akara nke na-kpụrụ n'elu nke ụwa ihe dị equidistant si abụọ okporo osisi, a planet ekewa abụọ ammamihe, abụọ ammamihe. Okwu n'ihi aha ndị dị otú ahụ a ókè nwere oge ochie mgbọrọgwụ. Latin «aequator», hara, kpụrụ si ngwaa «aequō» - equalize. Mba na mba na-eme, "ụwa" banyere German asụsụ, si Äquator.

Okwu a nwere a ọzọ n'ozuzu pụtara. Na jiometrị na atọ akụkụ ahụ na-enwe ibe perpendicular ma axis na ụgbọelu nke symmetry, ọ nwere ya ụwa, ya fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ ukem - na nrutu nke elu nke ahu na a ụgbọelu nke symmetry. Na mbara igwe mara eluigwe ụwa, magnetik ụwa nke a planet ma ọ bụ kpakpando.

Land - bụ geoid

The okwukwe na ụwa bụ a ewepụghị diski udi, ajụjụ naanị Gris oge ndị ọkà mmụta. ọ bịara doo anya site na njedebe nke XIX na narị afọ, na udi nke mbara ụwa anyị - bụghị naanị a zuru okè okirikiri, ma a pụrụ iche aru nke adiana - na geoid, n'elu nke na-enwe mmetụta ọtụtụ ihe - ike nke ike ndọda na "w ifufe." Isi ihe abụọ nke geoid kọwara ya axis nke adiana - bụ North na South osisi. Equidistant si ha bụ ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ ukem on Earth, Ụwa "n'úkwù" - ekwueto.

Ma geoid abụghị kpọmkwem, ma naanị ihe dị ka na-akọwa ọdịdị nke uwa. Na ọ ga-abụ na-anọghị nke ugwu na ndagwurugwu, ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere nanị a jụụ, jụụ n'elu ụwa osimiri. Nke a n'ogo na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa igodo na Geodesy - akụkọ nke ya ịbụ vetikal nrịbama maka iche iche oru na injinịa ụlọ ọrụ.

Na ogologo nke ụwa

Ghọta nke yiri ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ na o kwere omume na na kpọmkwem ụkpụrụ nke geometric nha nke geoid. Okirikiri nke ụwa, dị ka okirikiri, "incised" na Earth ala, hà na okirikiri nke mbara ala. Ezi nha-egosi na nke a oke dịgasị n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa - pola okirikiri bụ 21,3 km erughị Equatorial. The nkezi uru - 6371 km

Dị ka usoro gbaa - 2πR - ike gbakọọ ogologo nke ụwa. Dị iche iche Geophysical ụkpụrụ kọwaa nọmba na a dị iche nke banyere 3 m na nkezi - 40075 km. The gbaa nke ndị meridian - 40.007 km, nke na-egosi na pụrụ iche geometric àgwà geoid.

ohere efu

Grid, nke kpuchie a ụwa - visual nlereanya ụwa - 360 ụdị meridians isonyere abụọ okporo osisi 180 na edoghi yiri ka ụwa, na-ekesa ihe karịrị okporo osisi iberibe 90 na abụọ nke ya. The si malite lonjituudu kemgbe 1884 na-ewere dị ka meridian mmasị site na Greenwich Observatory, emi odude ke edem usụk-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke British isi obodo. Ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ yiri na-ekewa ụwa ke edere edere na n'ebe ndịda ammamihe - mbido nke ohere.

Nrụtụ - a angular ụkpụrụ, tụrụ na degrees. Longitude - na n'akuku n'etiti ụgbọelu na-agafe efu - Greenwich - meridian na otu nke na-anọchi anya a akara ejikọta ụwa osisi na-adọrọ mmasị site na mgbe. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Greenwich 180 Celsius lonjituudu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ma na-akpọ na-nti, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - ya nwere a na-adịghị mma uru na-ezo dị ka ọdịda anyanwụ.

The ihe equidistant si okporo osisi na-etolite na Equatorial ụgbọelu. Na okirikiri mmasị si center nke ụwa site na a nyere n'ókè nke ya n'elu ala, na-akpụ a ụgbọelu n'akuku onye ịdị ukwuu bụ ohere. Ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ ukem nwere efu ohere. North nke ụwa, a n'akuku a na-ewere mma - si 0 Celsius 90 Celsius, n'ebe ndịda - na-ezighị ezi.

Ịrịba ama na ememe

Ụwa - na echiche efu ókè n'etiti abụọ ammamihe, ma ọ ka mgbe kpaliri mmadụ pụrụ ichetụ n'echiche. Akwọ ụgbọ mmiri si mba dị iche iche kpebiri ime na pụrụ iche ememe mgbe agafe efu ohere, karịsịa ndị na-eme ya n'ihi na oge mbụ. Ebe ụwa na-aga ibi na ohere, invariably wuru pụrụ iche ihe ịrịba ama na ihe owuwu na-eme ka ọnọdụ ndị ezigbo akara. Na-adịghị ahụkebe njem nleta na-atụ uche ohere guzo na otu ụkwụ na South, na ndị ọzọ na - na n'Ebe Ugwu Ụwa. Mgbe ahụ chefuo aha nke fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ yiri ụwa, ọ gaghị ekwe omume.

Ma, e nwere a nso-Equatorial n'ógbè nke Earth na ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche e ji mara ndị na-enye ha a pụrụ iche bara uru. The ndọda mma bụ ubé dị nta karịa ndị ọzọ latitudes na adiana ọkụ ụwa ọzọ. Nke a na-azọpụta a otutu roket mmanụ ụgbọala iji mee ka ugboelu n'ime orbit. Ọ dịghị ukem ini na na Equatorial French Guiana na South American n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ndị kasị dị irè na-amalite ohere mgbagwoju - Kourou spaceport.