Onye chọpụtara North osisi? History of nchọpụta nke North osisi

Ịdị adị nke North obodo osisi nke Earth na elu latitudes ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ dọtara uche nke na-eme nnyocha na ndị njem. Onye ọ bụla nke meghere North osisi, ka ha too aha ya na-adịghị ala nke Columbus, Magellan na ndị ọzọ na nnukwu nchọpụta. Njem ndị mmadụ merela na elu ugwu latitudes ruo eruo na Russia, UK, USA, Norway, Italy. Ọtụtụ njem n'iyi tupu eru ihe mgbaru ọsọ. Aha ha na-echeta na-ekele ụmụ.

The chọpụtara nke North osisi. prehistory

Russian nchọpụta si Novgorod na XI-XII narị afọ ruru n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke White Oké Osimiri.

Na afọ 1595-1597 V. Barents na ya arụ ọrụ ekpe maka oyi na Arctic, na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Novaya Zemlya chọta ruo a n'àgwàetiti Spitsbergen.

British nchoputa G. Hudson na 1607 ruru n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ onu nke Greenland, ma njem kwụsịrị ice. The otu jisiri iru Spitsbergen, kama n'elu 80,23 Celsius ike ịkwaga.

V. Bering na 1725-1734 afọ gara First Kamchatka njem inyocha pola latitudes.

Gịnị mere ndị ọsụ ụzọ chọrọ ka North osisi?

Otu mgbe ọzọ, na-kwajuru na a ọhụrụ njem, ihe mgbaru ọsọ ha - nchọpụta nke North osisi. A ọtụtụ ndị si mba dị iche iche na-aga dị ka ndị North. Ọ na-akwali njem bụghị naanị a kpere ọkà mmụta sayensị na mmasị. New ụzọ nwere ike belata anya njem azụmahịa na agha ụgbọ mmiri ndị si Europe na Asia. The ajụjụ onye chọpụtara North osisi, ọ bụghị atụle n'isiokwu na afọ ndị ahụ. Nchọpụta na ndị njem ruo ogologo oge nwere ike banye n'ime n'elu 80 Celsius ugwu ohere.

Echiche mmiri njem ndị mmadụ merela ka North osisi

Na na Asaa na narị afọ, e nwere a ozizi nke agbaze nke ice ke ndaeyo ọnwa nso North Geographic osisi. Ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta kweere na e nwere ike idi oké osimiri, bụ kpuchie site ice. Nke a akụkọ mgbe a tọrọ ntọala mgbalị ọtụtụ iru elu latitudes site osimiri na mmiri. The oké Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị Mikhail Lomonosov ekenịmde mgbawa gosi na nke a ga-ekwe omume. Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Catherine Ukwu nyere iwu ihe njem. Na ya Iwu Admiral V. Chichagov na 1765-m na 1766-m ugboro abụọ m gara search of a free mmiri ohere, ebe i nwere ike inwe na North osisi. Admiral-enweghị ike ịgagharị n'elu 80,30 Celsius. M na-adịghị na-onye chọpụtara North osisi si na isi nke British naval njem K. Phipps. Ọ bụ ike nweta na 1773 naanị ohere 80,48 Celsius. Ọma mgbalị iji merie ndị fọdụrụ ole na ole degrees na North osisi kewapụrụ ndabere echiche nke mmiri njem na elu latitudes.

New pola njem n'elu oké osimiri na n'elu ice

Na 1827, England Uilyam Parri kpebiri ịga ndị North osisi n'elu ice nke Arctic. O nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ ruru North osisi. Parry njem kwụrụ ụgwọ site British Admiralty. Polar nchọpụta si England na March 1827 na ụgbọ mmiri na rutere agwaetiti nke Spitsbergen. The isi nke njem na ndị enyi ya banyere n'ụgbọ mmiri onwem na pụrụ iche ọgba ọsọ. N'ịga na ice detachment ruru 82,45 Celsius. Nke a ndekọ e setịpụrụ na July 23, 1827 na nọgidere fọrọ nke nta ka afọ 50. N'etiti ndị sonyere nke njem bụ D. Ross, onye na-otoro na nchọpụta nke North Magnetik osisi. Ọbụna n'ihu merela agadi na Briton J. Ners, bụ ndị gara n'ebe ugwu na 1875. Abụọ arịa, na mgbe ahụ na sled, na ndị mmadụ na dọkpụụrụ aka squad jisiri na May 1876 na ohere nke 83,20 Celsius. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ a ọhụrụ ndekọ na polar latitudes, ma ọ bụghị òtù nke njem nwere họọrọ ndị chọpụtara North osisi.

The Arctic ice

Ndọghachi azụ North American njem D. De Long, onye July 8, 1879 ụgbọ mmiri na a ụgbọ mmiri "Jeannette" si San Francisco. The ụgbọ mmiri gafere na Bering Strait na ruru Wrangel Island na Arctic Ocean. Ebe a vmerz ụgbọ mmiri na ice na steeti a malitere kpafuo kwupụta North osisi. Ma mgbe 21 ọnwa, "Jeannette" osụhọde, zọpụta naanị obere akụkụ nke otu egwuregwu.

Ahụmahụ De Long nyere aka ịhazi ihe njem na Norwegian pola nchoputa F. Nansen. Ọ ruo eruo si a pụrụ iche ụgbọ mmiri "Fram", na-emegharị ka nwayọọ nke ice. Onye ama ama nke njem kpebiri weghara Arctic Ocean ma na-akpa na-achọpụta na North osisi. "Fram" e mere na Northern Sea Nsoro, hove na, na March 14, 1895 ruru aghota 84,4 Celsius. Nansen on igwe skii na nkịta sleds ruru 86,14 Celsius, ma kwụsịrị ice hummocks. Na 1899, òtù Prince Amedeo Savoyskogo Luidzhi Italian Arctic detachment ndị ike na-na ice sled nkịta ruo 86,34 Celsius.

Obi ụtọ na gburugburu chọpụtara North osisi

N'ihi na ọtụtụ afọ, e nwere esemokwu banyere onye bụ nke mbụ na-achọpụta North osisi. A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị njem na-ekwu na nke a ọrụ. Otu n'ime ha - American F. Cook, bụ onye kwuru na a sled nkịta, ọ na abụọ na-eduzi, na-Eskimos na North osisi April 21, 1908. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-choro àmà, ma Cook apụghị inye ha. Na ụwa mara esemokwu n'etiti abụọ America, ọ bụla nke na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ya - onye chọpụtara North osisi. Otu n'ime ha - na-esi nri, na nke abụọ - na engineer Robert Piri. O kwuru na na ya anọwo na ohere 90 Celsius April 6, 1909. Polar satellite bụ compatriot M. Henson, nakwa dị ka nduzi, ọ goro anọ Eskimos. Ihu Piri replete na-adabaghị, ma e ajụjụ.

Russian njem na North osisi

Enweghị intervening na esemokwu, onye mbụ merie ndị North osisi, Russian na-eme nnyocha anọgidewo na-n'usoro inyocha na ịzụlite Arctic. Na afọ 1912-1914 njem G. Sedov nọrọ abụọ pola oyi on board n'ụgbọ mmiri. Na Soviet ụfọdụ, ọ na e rụrụ na-enyemaka nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịda ugbo elu 30 kilomita site North osisi. Site na nke a May 21, 1937 malitere ụwa mbụ nwayọọ na ice eme nchọpụta NP-1.

Sonyere nke njem:

1. Ivan Papanin (isi);
2. Peter Shirshov (oceanographer);
3. Eugene Fedorov (Meteorology);
4. Ernst Krenkel (radio ọrụ).

Ọ dịgidere ọnwa itoolu nke nwayọọ, mgbe ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-edebe ihe. Floe bụ 2850 km n'ebe mbụ ebe ọdịda na ndi-ya. Ụsọ oké osimiri nke Greenland, na-eme nnyocha banyere Soviet icebreakers.

Im Arctic-aga n'ihu na narị afọ iri ọhụrụ. Hụrụ na mepụtara mee nke ịnweta ego na shelf nke Arctic n'oké osimiri nile, na-aga igbu azụ. The mba nke nwere ohere na Arctic, e nwere a otutu mmasị. New njem, zụrụ ọkà mmụta sayensị, industrialists, agha, gaa North osisi. E nwekwara mba egwuregwu tournaments akara mmalite nke pola n'oge okpomọkụ. Na-eso ụzọ Nansen Cook, Peary, Sedov, papanintsev re-eduzi ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke mbara ala ruo n'ókè-enwe ohere 90 Celsius, na iji gosi na mmeri nke mkpebisi na spirit n'elu aka ike pola ice.