Huguenot - onye bụ nke a? Huguenots na ndị Protestant. Huguenots na France

Ke n'etiti nke XVI narị afọ onyeeze na France na-aga site na ike ugboro. Italian War, nke biri na-emeri, dugara a ukwu nsogbu nke ike ma na aku na uba. French isi onye ịgụ na elu ọhụrụ na ụwa na ihe ọ kwatara n'agha dị nnọọ emechu ihu na-ewesa ndị dị otú ahụ ọdịda. All ebubo ha we dakwasi ndi-eze na courtiers. Mgbe agha, ndị oké ozu na-fọrọ nke nta n'iyi. Ya mere, na ama, ka anya dị ka a ije nke Huguenots, ọ malitere ozugbo na-akwado ma na-eji ya megide ndị gọọmenti etiti ná mgbalị iji nweta ihe ndị kasị ohere maka onwe ha. N'ihi ya, onye bụ Huguenots na France? Azịza nke ajụjụ a nwere ike dị na isiokwu.

Katọlik na ndị Protestant

Western Europe sị na Katọlik, ma na mmalite nke XVI narị afọ na-eto eto discontent n'etiti ndị kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi na oge nke nke omume nke Church of ikpe. Ha kwenyesiri ike na Pope na ya entourage naanị eche otú ike ha ike na-aghọ ọbụna na ano. Egosi na ha anyaukwu na oké ọchịchọ, si otú nchu-àjà ka ihe nlereanya ọjọọ na parishioners. Nke a discontent ada ka eziokwu na e nwere a ọhụrụ ije akpọ Ndozigharị. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya bụ ịgbanwe iwu nke Kraịst na chọọchị. Ndị mmadụ na-esonyere a ije na a kpọrọ Protestant, n'ihi na ha na-ekweta na-eme ugbu a.

Ntoputa nke ọhụrụ na-emekarị

Huguenot - a French Protestant XVI-na Asaa ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị mbụ n'ime ha nọ na-akpọ ndị òtù Luther mgbe German mọnk Martina Lyutera, onye bi na obodo nke Wittenberg. Na 1517, o mere a ndepụta esịnede 95 ihe, nke na-posted na ya ọnụ ụzọ nke chọọchị. Nke a akwụkwọ na-abụghị nanị kpughere onye-nchu-àjà, ma a bụ ụdị mkpesa megide na-ezighị ezi iwu nke dum Roman Catholic Church.

Luther kwenyesiri ike na onye ọ bụla nwere ikike otu nọọrọ onwe ha na-amụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ. N'ihi nke a, ọ sụgharịrị Bible si Latin n'ime German. Ọ bụ nke mbụ, na-eso ya bụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ wee malite ebipụta na n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ.

Dị ka a pụrụ ịtụ anya, na Catholic Church ikpe Luther. N'ụzọ tụrụ anyị n'anya, ọ na-akwado bụghị nanị ndị nkịtị, ma ụfọdụ nke ndị na-achị na Europe. Ya mere, na English King Henry nke Asatọ kpebiri ịgba nwunye ya alụkwaghịm ma lụọ Anne Boleyn. Ma Pope na-enyeghị ya ikike ime otú ahụ, ya mere, onye na-achị England na-akwụsị ndị mmekọrịta Vatican, na mgbe ahụ kwuru, ya onwe ya isi nke Church na obodo ha.

Ịgbaso German mọnk wee malite ịpụta na ndị ọzọ siri ike mmadụ, onye na-akọrọ echiche nke Edinam Ukpụhọde. N'ihi nke a, Protestantism nwere ọtụtụ ọnọdụ. Ọ bụrụ na Germany ndị a kwere ekwe na-akpọ ndị òtù Luther, na French Huguenot - a Calvin. The aha nke okwukwe natara site John Calvin (1509-1564). Ọ bụ a ma ama French ọkà mmụta okpukpe, na odide ya dị ike na-akọwa niile akụkụ nke okwukwe Ndị Kraịst.

M ga-asị na mgbe dị otú ahụ nkewa ahụ kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi Katọlik e doro okpotụhọrede na ọbụna kpọgidere Protestant, na ndị ọzọ, n'aka, malitere ọgụ ụmụazụ nke Pope. Ma ha n'aka na-na-ata ahụhụ na-ese-iro-ha, ha ịzọpụta mkpụrụ obi ha si ahụhụ ebighị ebi nke hell.

N'ime oge ahụ, Protestantism malitere gbasaa France. First Huguenot - a okpukpe, onye na-akọrọ echiche nke okpukpere chi ọhụrụ. Ọ pụrụ ịbụ na a nnọchiteanya nke plebeians ma ọ bụ ndị bourgeoisie, nakwa dị ka a na nwa afọ nke na ama na feudal ama. Mgbe e mesịrị, echiche gbasaa. Na 60s nke XVI narị afọ. na na 20s nke Asaa narị afọ. Huguenot - nke a abụghị nanị a okpukpe mmadụ, ọ bụ dum okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị otu Calvin Protestant.

Nkewa n'ime abụọ n'ogige

Akasiaha agha na France mee ka adịghị ike nke ndị nketa nke Henry II. Umu-ya ndikom - François II, bụ onye chịrị nanị otu afọ (1559-1560), Charles IX (1560-1574) na Henry III (1574-1589), mgbe mgbe, na-aghọ onye ngwá nke aghụghọ na wove onye ọ bụla ọzọ ikpe feudal ama.

Charles IX rigoro ke ebekpo ke afọ iri, na regent bụ nne ya - Ekaterina Medichi, onye chịrị na ya minions. Site na sixties, niile nnukwu ukwu kewara abụọ dị ike nke okpukpe na ọchịchị dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama bụ na n'akụkụ nke guise. Ha sị na Katọlik. Ha n'akụkụ e nwekwara Ekaterina Medichi - Italian si malite. Akụkụ ọzọ nke ihe ama nke na-emegide na-anọchi anya ndị Huguenot party, nke na-aga site na Bourbons, Admiral Coligny na King of Navarre. M ga-asị na n'obí e nwere ụfọdụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-adịghị iso ọ bụla nke agha ọzọ. Ha gbalịrị ịghọta iro, nke bụ ihe Huguenots na ndị Katọlik.

malite agha

March 1, 1562 na obere obodo nke Vassy na Duke nke guise na ya ji ngwá agha na-akwado na mberede wakporo ndị mmadụ gbakọtara maka ekpere. Ndị a bụ ndị Huguenots, bụ ndị ike ichughachiazu na perfidious Katọlik. Mgbe onye bu ihe agha ahụ merenụ na-emeghe see malitere. Ọ na-akpọ Huguenot agha (1562-1598 gg.). Ha gburu Antuan De Bourbon na Fransua De guise. Site na oge na agha, nke e gara site implacable iro - na Huguenots na ndị Katọlik - ghọrọ usoro n'ime a usoro nke ọdachi, vvergshih France n'ime ọgba aghara.

nwa oge truce

Ọzọ agha ahụ biri na 1570. Ọ bụ okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị esemokwu na kwara mba ahụ dum. The agha na-etinye Saint-Germain udo. Dị ka nke a, French Huguenot kwadebere nnwere onwe okpukpe na-achịkwa a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke dị ike castles.

The truce me kpara mba ahụ na ndị mmadụ ya afọ ojuju, ma Awesome mere discontent n'etiti ndị a ma ama Katọlik, akpan akpan, ndị ezinụlọ guise - oge ochie French ezinụlọ, na-aga ka si Carolingian.

The eto eto ime n'obí

Protestant ndú bụ Admiral de Coligny. Huguenot site nkwenye, ọ na-esịne ke Council nke State, na-eme n'okpuru Charles IX Valois. De Coligny, onye mmetụta na ogige buru ibu, ka n'ihu ike a nọworo na-udo, mere ka o doo eze ka ndokwa a di na nwunye n'etiti Margaritoy De Valois na Henry of Navarre.

Admiral Coligny bụ oké ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na diplomaati, na-achọ inwere ọganihu ná mba ha. Ọ chọrọ France na-ike, ma Catholic Spain, na-ewere na oge nke eze-nwanyi nke oké osimiri nile, ka a ga-eme. Admiral gwara eze na-enye ndị agha aka ka Dutch Protestant, bụ ndị na-alụ ọgụ maka onwe ha. Ọ maara na ọ bụrụ na Charles IX ga-ekweta na agha na Spain apụghị izere. Ma Coligny nwekwara maara na ọ ga n'otu, dịrị n'otu Huguenots na ndị Katọlik, dị ka mba metụtara n'elu niile ndị ọzọ.

Ekaterina Medichi (1519-1589 gg.), Na-eto eto nne eze, dị nnọọ obi ụtọ na mmetụta nke Huguenots n'obí ọzọ na ndị ọzọ na-abawanye. Ọ chọghị ka agha na Spanish Katọlik. The Queen Nne chere na otú ahụ edinam ga-akpalite a mba ọdachi. Bụrụ na nke agha, nke ndị Pope na niile Catholic Europe ga-abụ n'elu na ogwe aka megide France.

Ihe mere akanade

Na 1572, ọzọ iji kwe abụọ agha ọzọ e mere. Anyị abịa na a plan site nke nwanne King Charles na IX - Margaret nke Valois - bụ ịlụ di na nwunye na Protestant Genriha Navarrskogo. N'ihi ya, a na alụmdi na nwunye nwere ike kwụsị na-awụfu ọbara na France, na agha nke Huguenots na ndị Katọlik na a ga-akwụsị.

The agbamakwụkwọ a ga-enwe August 18. Ọ e gara site niile magburu Huguenots. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-anọ nwa oge biri na obi nke Paris, nke chọpụtara n'ụlọ Catholic ma ama. Protestant mara dị nnọọ anya dara oké ọnụ tụnyere ha, na nke a mere oké dissatisfaction n'etiti obodo mepere emepe bi, nke, n'ihi na elu ụtụ isi ma na nri ahịa na-adịghị ike na-ebi ndụ dị ka nke ọma. Rich agbamakwụkwọ bụ ihe mere maka enweghị afọ ojuju, dị ka a otutu ego na-nọrọ na ya na nzukọ, e, n'ezie, site na purses na daa ogbenye na-atụ ụtụ isi. Ya mere, ọnọdụ na Paris nwayọọ nwayọọ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ruo mgbe ọ ruru ya elu.

Murder nke Admiral de Coligny

Ọnọdụ na obodo ahụ na-egosi, na ọ bụghị onye na-adịghị na-uru nke ezinụlọ guise. Ọnụ na Ekaterinoy Medichi, ha haziri a ibé gburu de Coligny. Iri abụọ na abụọ na August 1572, Admiral agafe ulo guise, ọ unan na ogwe-aka-shot chụọ n'ọrụ nri si na windo. Mgbu mmadu na-anwa, oge a na-emezughị. Ma ndị Katọlik na-bu n'obi na-ahapụ atụmatụ ha. August 24 abalị ìgwè mmadụ nke iwe njikere ndị mebiri n'ime ụlọ, ebe ọ na brutally gburu Huguenot Admiral Coligny. Ọ bụ ime mpụ, na akara mmalite nke ihe ndị na kpochapụ gafee mba. Otú malitere a ọbara n'abalị Huguenots.

Mgbuchapụ nke St. Bartholomew

Obatara na agbamakwụkwọ na Paris, na-akwado nke Genriha Navarrskogo n'abalị si 23 nke na August 24, 1572 na-obi ọjọọ massacred. Nke a obi tara mmiri mgbuchapụ nke Huguenots na France, na-ekwu na ndụ nke banyere 3 puku. Man.

Na ya malitere ya eziokwu na Ekaterina Medichi ike ka o doo ndị na-eto eto eze na a ibé haziri megide ya site Protestant. Ọ na-agwa ya na ọ dị mkpa ime ihe niile ndị a ma ama, ndị na-etinye aka na nke a. The eze amịghịkwa na-eru n'obi nke nne. Ozugbo esochi iji weta ya n'ime full ọgụ readiness ofụri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, nakwa dị ka mmechi nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá.

N'otu oge, ọ bịara mara banyere igbu ọchụ nke Coligny, n'elu Paris kụrụ mkpu mgbịrịgba. O jere ozi Katọlik-egosi na mmalite nke ihe. All efehe n'okporo ụzọ na a egbe, malite n'abalị nke Huguenots. Ìgwè mmadụ nke iwe ụmụ amaala mebiri n'ime ụlọ ma gbuo onye ọ bụla nke chọrọ ịbụ a Catholic. Na n'abalị a , ọ bụghị nanị ndị Protestant ahụhụ. Ụgwọ gburu ha ụgwọ na onye chọrọ imegwara - edu ya ikpe. Di, na-eji oge, igbu manụ ha nwunye na ndị hụrụ - by egbochi ha ndị ikom. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ Huguenots, St. Bartholomew nke ghọọ ọhụrụ ná ndụ ha. All n'ọchịchịrị, nke e zoro ezo miri emi na mkpụrụ obi mmadụ, na mberede fewe wee, na sucked obodo ọbara ákwà.

Ebe ọ bụ na mgbuchapụ nke Huguenots na Paris wee ebe n'abalị tupu ụbọchị St. Bartholomew, ihe omume, we rida na akụkọ ihe mere eme n'okpuru aha nke St. Bartholomew.

bacchanalia

Na nke na-abịa nke chi ọbụbọ, na igbu ọchụ na-kwụsịrị. Ekaterina Medichi gaghị atụ anya dị otú ahụ a development. Ọ zubere ibibi naanị ihe kasị ike Huguenot ndú, ma ọ niile wee na-ezighị ezi. The obodo malitere pogroms na looting. Nkịtị ezigbo ụmụ amaala gburu iri puku kwuru iri nke otu narị otu narị, na ọ bụ agaghịkwa dabere na okpukpe ha. All ndị na-egbu ọchụ, ndị ohi na-apụnara mmadụ bịara nke ha ọgbà, na-eche n'enwetaghị ntaramahụhụ.

Ọchịchị na obodo ahụ abụghị orgy were a dum izu. Ndị nche na par na omempụ na-apụnara onye ọ bụla. The wezụga nanị agha nche, bụ onye nọgidere na-ekwesị ntụkwasị obi na iwu na Eze, ma weghachi iji na ha bụ ezughị.

Kpatara St. Bartholomew

Ọgba aghara na riots na-ewere ọnọdụ na isi obodo, triggered a yinye mmeghachi omume. Huguenots na ndị Protestant na-kpochapụrụ en masse, ọ bụghị naanị na Paris ma ofụri France - Bordeaux, Orleans, Lyon, Rouen na obodo ndị ọzọ.

Iji weghachi ọchịchị nke iwu na-etinye mba n'usoro, na iwu nke Eze Charles nke Itoolu nke France niile anāchi achi, na obodo e zigara akwụkwọ. Ọ kwuru na igbu ọchụ nke Protestant isi wee ebe na nkwenye na e weere ya enyerela gbochie ụfọdụ mgbochi-ala izu ọjọọ. Ke adianade do, ya e eze mara ọkwa na nnwere onwe okpukpe na-adịghị kagbuo.

Ọtụtụ Huguenots na ndị Protestant, na-agba ọsọ ime ihe ike, hapụrụ n'ókèala France, dị ka a n'ihi nke ha mmetụta na obodo e ebelatawo.

Bụ di na nwunye Marguerite de Valois, Henry of Navarre ọbọhọ. Ma iji zọpụta ndụ, ọ na-amanye iji tọghata Katọlik. Ihe nlereanya ya sochiri Henry na Conde.

N'oge gabigara ókè nke dịkarịa ala 5 puku. People e gburu. Ma, dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke a na ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ nnọọ elu, na gburugburu 30 puku. Ọ ga-kwuru na kpọmkwem ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị e mesoro ka amaghi.

Agha nke atọ Henry

Mgbe mgbuchapụ nke Huguenots nke agha akwụsịghị. Ha dara na ọbụna karị ike, n'ihi na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda ala iche n'ebe ugwu nke France. E e kere ọhụrụ n'otu ala Huguenots, jikwaa gọvanọ si n'etiti obodo ama. Ha bụ ihe kasị ma rite uru site na nke a "obodo kwụụrụ".

Site ufọt ufọt 70s, dị ka megide ndị Protestant na n'ebe ugwu nke France, n'otu a haziri, a na-akpọ Catholic League. Isi ya ghọrọ Genrih Giz. Nke a League nwere akara nke ndị ọchịchị, dị na Paris, na n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ka ebumnuche nke King Henry III ikwubi a truce na Huguenots.

Ke ufọt ufọt 80s see okwu nke abụọ irreconcilable okpukpe ọzọ na-aka njọ ọzọ. Ọ nyawara a ọhụrụ esemokwu n'etiti ndị nketa ka ocheeze ahụ, a na-akpọ Agha nke atọ Henry (1585-1589), dị ka ọ na e gara site na French eze Henry III (Valois), Genrih Burbon (Navarre) na Genrih Giz.

Kpatara ha na-ese okwu bụ ihe ikpeazụ na nkwupụta na ezinụlọ ya nwere ihe nri ocheeze karịa ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ nna nna nke Karl Veliky onwe ya. The eziokwu na Henry III ama nwetara ihe nketa, ya mere, ndị òtù nke League choro ekweta Giza ukara nọchiri ocheeze ya. Nke mere, na 1588, Eze ahụ malitere sere ọnụ niile eguzosi ike n'ihe agha ka isi obodo. Nzube ha bụ na njide nke Henry guise na-akwado ya. Nke a ka a mụtara ligovtsy ma hazie ihe nnupụisi na Paris megide eze onwe ya.

Henry III agbaga Chartres. N'ebe ahụ, ọ turu ime a aghụghọ atụmatụ: òkù Giza ostensibly n'ihi nzube nke dị ná mma. League ndú we biakute eze nke December 22, 1588, ma e adụ ọnwụ site agha. N'elu mmụta nke a aghụghọ, isi obodo jụrụ irube isi Valois na ghọrọ a obodo-Republic. Ya atụ sochiri ndị ọzọ.

King ghọtara na mba tụfuru, ozugbo kwuru Genriha Navarrskogo dị ka nọchiri ya. Enlisting na nkwado ma banye a nkwekọrịta, abụọ eze na ndị agha ya gaa Paris. Ma Henry III laghachiri isi obodo - gburu ya 1 on August 1589 afọ. Na ọnwụ ya, ndị Valois usoro ndị eze nke kwụsịrị ịdị adị. Ọ rịgooro ocheeze Eze Navarre, bụ onye ghọrọ eze ọhụrụ nke France - Henry IV. Ebe ọ bụ na ya ịrị elu ike biri na obi ọjọọ agha n'etiti ndị Katọlik na ndị Protestant.

Ugbu a ajụjụ nke onye Huguenots na France ndị mfe zaa, na ha bụ ndị ọzọ okpukpe bụ ihe dị iche iche si n'aka Katọlik. Protestant-ajụ ofufe nke ihe onwunwe, ihe oyiyi, na chọọchị ikpe na-issuance nke indulgences. Àgwà a na Pope na ndị ụkọchukwu ya ike ịtachi obi, otú kwuru Huguenots na jụrụ okwukwe n'ogbugbu nke Setan. Malitere a crackdown, nke mere ka ndị dị otú ahụ a na-ebibi ma na ọbara agha nke were ọtụtụ iri afọ.