Protein-enzyme: ọrụ nke Njirimara, ndị ọrụ nke protein enzymes ke idem

Na ọ bụla dị ndụ cell e a set nke chemical Jeremaya mere. Enzymes (enzymes) - edozi na kpọmkwem na nnọọ mkpa ọrụ. Ha na-akpọ biocatalysts. Isi ọrụ nke enzymes na ahụ bụ iji mee ngwangwa Biochemical Jeremaya mere. The amalite ihe, nke a na-catalyzed site na mmekọrịta ndị a na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-akpọ substrates, na ikpeazụ compound - ngwaahịa.

Na ọdịdị, enzymes na ndi na-edozi na-arụ ọrụ naanị na ndụ na usoro. Ma oge a biotechnology, adakarị nchọpụta nsogbu, pharmaceutics na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na-eji ọcha enzymes ma ọ bụ ha okụre, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị ọzọ mmiri dị mkpa maka ọrụ nke usoro na data anya maka nchọpụta.

The ndu uru na Njirimara nke enzymes

Enweghị ndị a na ụmụ irighiri ihe dị ndụ organism ike na-arụ ọrụ. All ndụ Filiks na-arụ ọrụ n'otu ekele na enzymes. Isi ọrụ nke protein enzymes ke idem - ụkpụrụ nke metabolism. E wezụga ha, ọ pụghị ịbụ nkịtị metabolism. Regulation nke ọrụ nke ụmụ irighiri na-ewe ebe n'okpuru nduzi nke activators (inducers) ma ọ bụ inhibitors. Control ọrụ dị iche iche na-etoju nke anọ na-edozi. Ọ na-"na-arụ ọrụ" na-akwanyere ùgwù okokụre molekul.

Isi Njirimara nke protein enzymes - specificity ka a akpan akpan mkpụrụ. Na, ya, ike na-catalyze naanị otu ma ọ bụ na-erughị a usoro nke Jeremaya mere. A, ndị a Filiks bụ reversible. N'ihi na arụmọrụ nke ma na ọrụ ibu otu enzyme. Ma, nke ahụ ọ bụghị ihe niile.

Ọrụ nke enzymes dị oké mkpa. Enweghị ha, ọ dịghị Biochemical Jeremaya-ebe. Site n'oru nke enzymes, reagents ọ bụ ike merie ebighị mgbochi enweghị ịrịba mmefu nke ike. Ke idem, ọ dịghị ekwe omume ikpo okpomọkụ 100 ° C, ma ọ bụ ojiji nke chemical ike ike ogige dị ka ụlọ nyocha. Protein-enzyme ejikọ ka mkpụrụ. Na-agbụ steeti a na gbanwetụrụ, sochiri ntọhapụ nke ikpeazụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ihe niile nke akpali na-eji chemical njikọ.

Gịnị etoju nke nzukọ nke molekul-enzyme protein?

A, ndị a na ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere a tertiary (globule) ma ọ bụ quaternary (ọtụtụ interconnected globules) protein Ọdịdị. Mbụ, ha na-synthesized na a linear ejiji. Ma mgbe ahụ n'ogige atụrụ n'ime chọrọ Ọdịdị. Iji hụ na ọrụ nke biocatalyst achọ a ụfọdụ Ọdịdị.

Enzymes nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ na-edozi na-ebibi site na kpo oku, oké ụkpụrụ nke onye Onyenwe anyị +, iwe chemical ogige.

Ọzọ Njirimara nke enzymes

Otu n'ime ndị a ndị na-esonụ components:

1. Stereospecificity - guzobe naanị otu ngwaahịa.
2. Regioselectivity - agbaji chemical nkekọ ma ọ bụ ìgwè mgbanwe nanị otu ọnọdụ.
3. Chemoselectivity - catalysis naanị otu mmeghachi omume.

ịgbalịsi

Larịị nke enzyme specificity dịgasị. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụla enzyme mgbe niile n'ọrụ na a akpan akpan mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ìgwè nke ogige yiri na Ọdịdị. Non-proteinaceous akpali adịghị igosipụta a onwunwe. Specificity tụrụ adịgide adịgide mgbe nile (mol / l), nke nwere ike ịbụ ruo 10 ^-10 mol / l. Na-arụ ọrụ ifịk enzyme ngwa. Otu molekul catalyzes ọtụtụ puku-nde ntụziaka kwa nke abụọ. Ogo osooso nke Biochemical Jeremaya mere budata (1000-100,000 ugboro) elu karịa ot akpali.

Akparamagwa nke enzymes na-wuru na ọtụtụ usoro. The mfe mmekọrịta emee na otu molekul nke mkpụrụ, sochiri nhiwe nke ngwaahịa. Kasị enzymes nwere ike eke 2-3 iche iche ụmụ irighiri-eme. Ka ihe atụ, nyefe nke atọm ma ọ bụ ìgwè si otu compound ọzọ, ma ọ bụ a abụọ nnọchi na a "ping-pong". Na mmeghachi omume ndị a a na-ejikọ otu mkpụrụ, na nke abụọ ọtọ otu jikọrọ site enzyme.

The ọmụmụ nke ndị enzyme usoro nke edinam ewe ebe a n'ụzọ:

1. Ịchọpụta n'etiti ikpeazụ ngwaahịa.
2. Studies nke ihe owuwu na jiometrị nke ọtọ iche iche na-ejikọ na na mkpụrụ na-enye a elu mmeghachi omume ọnụego.
3. Mmụba na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke enzyme na mkpebi siri ike nke mgbanwe ya njikọ na ọrụ.

Active na nkịtị saịtị

Mkpụrụ molekul nnọọ obere karịa protein bụ enzyme. Ya mere, na-adịgide adịgide bụ n'ihi na a ole na ole nke ọtọ iche iche nke biocatalyst. Ha na-etolite na-arụsi ọrụ ike site, esịnede a kpọmkwem set nke amino asịd. Na mgbagwoju na-edozi na Ọdịdị nke ahụ prosthetic otu ugbu nonprotein uwa, nke nwekwara ike ịbụ akụkụ nke nọ n'ọrụ center.

Ọ ga igbunye a iche iche otu nke enzymes. Ha nwere na molekul agụnye coenzyme kpamkpam nkịtị molekul na hapụrụ ya. Ofụri Esịt kpụrụ protein enzyme akpọ holoenzyme, na mgbe wepụ a cofactor - apoenzyme. Ka coenzymes mgbe eme vitamin, ọla, nkwekọrịta nke nitrogenous bases (nad - nicotinamide ebe adenin dinucleotide, fad - flavin ebe adenin dinucleotide, FMN - flavin mononucleotide).

Adịgide adịgide saịtị na-enye a kpọmkwem mmekọrita ka mkpụrụ. N'ihi ya kpụrụ a ufọk ufene mkpụrụ-enzyme mgbagwoju. Globule Ọdịdị wuru ya ka o wee na-elu nke niche (nchawa ma ọ bụ ezumike) nke a na-size nke na-enye ndị na-adịgide adịgide nke mkpụrụ. Nke a mpaghara a na-emekarị nke dị nso ifịk saịtị. N'ihi na ụfọdụ enzymes, e nwere ebe jikọọ na cofactors ma ọ bụ metal ion.

ọgwụgwụ

Protein-enzyme ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ime ahu. Dị otú ahụ bekee catalyze chemical Jeremaya mere na-ahụ maka ndị metabolism - metabolism. Na nke ọ bụla bi cell mgbe niile emee ọtụtụ narị Biochemical Filiks metụtara Mbelata Jeremaya mere, cleavage na njikọ nke ogige. Ịga n'ihu ndị ọxịdashọn nke bekee na a nnukwu ntọhapụ nke ike. Ọ, n'aka nke ya, na-nọrọ na guzobere carbohydrates, ndi na-edozi, abụba, na ha okụre. The cleavage ngwaahịa ndị bughi ọcha chọrọ maka njikọ nke organic ogige.