The codification nke iwu nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu n'okpuru Nicholas 1: ụbọchị, na-

Codification nke Russian iwu n'okpuru Nicholas m malitere na 1826. N'ihi ya, ogologo oge ime ihe nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọkàiwu a kwadebeere site Usoro, nke na-agụnye ihe niile omume na ụkpụrụ ike ná n'ókèala nke alaeze ukwu. Nke a collection of iwu na ngwa na nkọwa e bipụtara na 1833.

The nsogbu nke cumbersome iwu

Site na oge nke accession ocheeze nke Nicholas m, na codification nke iwu na-otu n'ime ndị kasị akpa chere na nsogbu ndị Russian ọchịchị. The nsogbu osụhọde ke eziokwu na ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ na mba e nwere ndị ọhụrụ vaults stacked na iwu na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-emegide onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Codification dị mkpa systematize iwu ime ka ha otu kensinammuo iji.

N'ihi nsogbu a, a kpọgara m ọzọ iso nke Nicholas m, gụnyere nne ya ochie Ekaterina Velikaya na nwanne Alexander I. The gọvanọ ọhụrụ we bulie codification nke nri mgbe naanị pụtara na ocheeze. Nicholas wee ike na ndabere nke Decembrist nsogbu, ndokwa site na-akwado nke mgbanwe ọchịchị na mba. Nikolai ike nke ndụ ha na-eme mkpebi, na-achọ azụ na ihe ndị mere 1825. N'ihi ya, ndị codification nke iwu bụ otu n'ime ụzọ ndị na-ewusi ala usoro.

The inefficiency nke usoro iwu

Gịnị imperious ngwa bụ adighi ike na ṅụbigara ihe ncheta nke ndị gara aga, n'ihi na onye ọ bụla na-a nzuzo. Ọtụtụ mgbe ihe dị iche iche na akụkụ ma ọ bụ ọchịchị na-megidere onye ọ bụla ọzọ, n'ihi iwu loopholes na n'oghere iwu inye iwu ọrụ ha. Ke adianade do, nke a bụ ọrịa ntutu ịdapụsị ọnọdụ ahụ aghọwo tụụrụ n'ala maka uto nke ire ure.

Codification nke iwu e nyere Mihailu Speranskomu. N'ihi na oge ụfọdụ ọ bịakwutere site Alexander m na bụ na-ede akwụkwọ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-emesapụ aka na oru na mgbanwe. On na Iv nke Agha nke 1812 Speransky bụ na ihere na bụ na asọpụrụ biri n'ala ọzọ. Ugbu a Nicholas m kpọghachite ya n'ohu, na-enwe olileanya na-enweta na ihe ọmụma miri emi nke na-eme mgbanwe. Speranski ozugbo ghọrọ eze ukwu izipu memos, nke obụk eme nke gara aga Ụlọrụ ịgbanwe iwu na atụmatụ maka abịa codification.

The oruru nke alaka nke abụọ

Nicholas m mma na echiche Mihaila Speranskogo. Na April 1826 kpọmkwem maka ọrụ na analysis nke iwu bụ ike a alaka nke abụọ nke Imperial Chancellery. Tupu a ọhụrụ ahụ e setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ - ike a Usoro nke Iwu nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu. Codification akwado ọtụtụ editọ. Ha e nyere niile dị mkpa ego. Lawyers nwere elele buru ibu uka nke akwụkwọ. Speransky na ya subordinates ụtọ mkpụrụ nke ọrụ nke mbụ Commission ka ichepụta iwu oge Alexander m, ama oge iji wuchaa ya ọrụ.

Na nke abụọ akụkụ malitere na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọkàiwu, ndị ọkàiwu, akụkọ ihe mere eme, statisticians na mkpa statesmen. Ebe a na-dị nnọọ a ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ndepụta nke aha: .. Konstantin Arsenyev, Valerian Klokov Peter Havsky Dmitry Zamyatin, Dmitry Eristov Alexander Kunitsyn, wdg All ndị a ndị mmadụ na-nke ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi J.Randall nke mba. Ha bụ ndị kasị mma na ubi ha, na-arụ ọrụ ọnụ, na-enwe ike ime ihe yiri agaghị ekwe omume. The codification nke iwu tupu e weere gaghị eme. Ịpụta ihe ọ na-ekwu na ndị ọkachamara na-na-agụnye ke ọzọ set nke akwụkwọ na-akpa azụ na Asaa na narị afọ, na ka na ike nke dị n'ókèala Russia.

collection of akwụkwọ

Original akwụkwọ na-echekwara na dị iche iche-edebe ihe ochie gbasasịa gafee mba. Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ nwere anya na ụlọ nke kagburu ụlọ ọrụ. Ndị a ozu ndị .. College of Foreign Affairs, Department of Patrimonial, mechiri emechi iwu, wdg The codification nke Russian iwu mgbagwoju anya site na eziokwu na ka e nweghị otu ihe ndekọ nke bụ nke a pụrụ kwetakwara na ego ahụ drafters nke Usoro. The alaka nke abụọ nwere wuo ya site na ọkọ, na-elekwasị anya Moscow, Sineti na-eje-edebe ihe ochie. Mgbe ndekọ dị njikere n'ikpeazụ, ya tụgharịa na ọ nwetara ihe karịrị 53 puku omume nakweere dị iche iche ọtụtụ narị afọ.

Na St. Petersburg choro obere akwụkwọ na ike ịchọ ma nyefee na izu. The codification nke iwu nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu ka nọ idegharị ederede. Ndị ọkachamara na-tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nsụgharị, nyochaa ochie isi mmalite, enyocha ha na legitimacy, mere, tie si aha. Ọtụtụ ihe n'ezie overlapped, n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike iwere dị iche iche ugboro na n'oge dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, dị ka a na-achị, ha dabeere na mbụ akwụkwọ, na-ahapụ ya ka ọ na draft nke Usoro.

Analysis nke akụkọ ihe mere eme omume

The amalite maka alaka nke abụọ bụ Conciliar koodu, nakweere 1649 n'okpuru Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Lawyers aka na koodu nke a collection na niile ụdi iwu. E nwere ọbụna kagbuo na-adịghị ejekwa ozi akwụkwọ (dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na Complete Collection). Na nke a, a pụrụ iche na ọrụ e kwere nkwa ọlụlụ ke ukem na analysis nke ndụ na isi mmalite, na-akpa si n'iru 1649. Ha na-bipụtara iche iche dị ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha n'akwụkwọ na-akpọ "Ọrụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme."

The codification nke iwu n'okpuru Nicholas 1 mere na ndị na-esonụ ụzọ. Malitere a ụfọdụ ebe (e.g., obodo). Ọ na-enyocha iche iche. Na nke a, otu obodo iwu e kewara ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme oge. Nke a facilitated systematization nke usoro, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ka na-ike. Karịsịa na-egbu mgbu bụ ọrụ nke mpụ iwu. Review nke ya akụkọ mmepe bụ ọnwa ole na ole. Na July 1827 n'ihi nke a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka a "pen ule" nyere site eze ukwu. O ji obi ụtọ. The codification nke iwu n'okpuru Nicholas 1 wee ebe nwayọọ nwayọọ ma n'ezie.

Iwu nke na-eru elu Usoro

Ịhazi ọrụ nke alaka nke abụọ, Mikhail Speransky kpebiri na ha agaghị n'ihe ize ndụ, na-ewu na n'oge gara aga na mba ahụmahụ yiri ụlọ ọrụ. Search for a ogologo oge enweghị. The na-atụ aro na a họọrọ dị ka a akwụkwọ ebe site Francis Bacon. Nke a English ọkà ihe ọmụma na-amụ iwu ozizi na mmalite nke na Asaa na narị afọ na-ekpe a ọgaranya nketa akwụkwọ. Ịdabere na ya tụgharịa uche, Mikhail Speransky chepụtara a ole na ole iwu, nke mechara ghọrọ weere koodu nke Russian iwu.

Ekwe ugboro. Kwa ogologo, n'akwụkwọ ahụ iwu na-ebelata, mgbe nke abụọ akụkụ e kweghị na-emetụ ha kachasi mkpa. E mere nke a na-eme n'ọdịnihu ka mfe ọrụ nke ala ụlọ ọrụ, n'ogige nile, na na na. D. Iwu na-ekesa na-achị iwu, mgbe nke ha na-adade ke n'ụdị isiokwu, nke dara n'ime uko. Na ikpeazụ na mbipụta nke ọ bụla ibe nwere ya nọmba. The nwoke, na-enwe mmasị REDD, nwere ike ngwa ngwa na n'ụzọ dị mfe na-ahụ kwesịrị ekwesị omume. Ọ bụ nke a na chọrọ iru Nikolai 1. The codification nke iwu, na obere, na-otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa, atumatu nke ọchịchị ya. Preliminary nkwadebe nke Usoro e dechara.

The uru nke na-eme ihe Speransky

Anyị nwere ike ikwu hoo haa na ọ dịghị Speranskii garaghị rụrụ codification nke iwu nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu. Ọ na-eduzi ihe niile na-arụ ọrụ, nyere na-atụ aro subordinates ekwe isi ike na n'ikpeazụ kọọrọ eze na rụzuru nke alaka nke abụọ. Mikhail Speransky bụ onyeisi oche nke ngụkọta ọrụ na nyochara na-egosi na rechecked drafts nke a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ ya ịnọgidesi ike na ume na-ekwe ka ịnagide a nnukwu ọrụ dịtụ ngwa ngwa.

Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe mere ndị codification nke iwu nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu n'okpuru Nicholas 1 e-egbu oge. Nke a mere n'ihi na oru na-laghachiri azụ na compilers nke oditi kwuru anya. Speransky onwe ya na-agụ ọ bụla akara ke 15 mpịakọta nke Usoro. Na drafts, ọ na-amasị, ọ ga-ahapụ ha na-ekwu. Ya mere ngo nwere ike na-agba ọsọ n'etiti originators na Commission ke ediwak idaha, ruo mgbe, n'ikpeazụ, ọ na-adịghị Mike ka na-enwu.

Interpretation of gharazie ịba uru iwu

Dị ka ihe ndị a chọrọ na-etinye na-atụ Nikolai 1, codification nke iwu abụghị nanị n'ibu ọrụ ideghari akwụkwọ. Andikabuana omume na ulozhenija weere on okenye mbipute nke Russian asụsụ. Drafters nke Code nwere tufuo dị otú ahụ formulations ma dee ha ọzọ. Ọ bụ a ezigbo ego nke ọrụ na nkọwa nke iwu. The gara aga iwu na echiche mkpa ka a kpaliri na-agbasokarị ọnọdụ nke Russian eziokwu nke XIX narị afọ.

Ọ bụ na iwu a na-enwekarị uka nke ndetu na-ezo aka na isi mmalite. Ya mere isiokwu na-aghọ-nti, na-agụ nwere ike nyochaa izi ezi nke iwu na uche. Karịsịa a otutu nkọwa na ose ndị ochie omume pụtara na na Asaa-XVIII narị afọ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị drafters nke alaghachi azụ si mbụ ederede ma ọ bụ jiri a mgbanwe, ọ na-maa kwuru na ngwa.

oditi

The ule kasịnụ nke Usoro e rụrụ na a pụrụ iche oditi kọmitii. Ọ gụnyere ndị nnọchiteanya nke Sineti na Ministry of Justice. First ndenye ego omempụ na isi iwu nke ala.

The auditors ọtụtụ mmegharị. Ha siri ọnwụ na Usoro kwesịrị ịbụ norm nwere na-kwukwara TUPU okirikiri na ụkpụrụ dị iche iche na ministri. Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ chọrọ isi nke ego ngalaba Egor Kankrin. Na Russian Alaeze Ukwu, ihe niile omenala azụmahịa dabeere disparate ntụziaka nke Ministry.

The mbipụta nke Usoro

Direct ọrụ na nkwadebe na idegharị akwụkwọ e rụrụ site 1826 na 1832. Na April 1832 e nwere na mbụ ule na. Manifesto nke zuru mbipụta nke Usoro e banyere site Emperor Nicholas m January 31, 1833. Na ude nke eze nyere niile idem ke oké ọrụ utu aha, ezumike nka na na. D. N'ihi na eze mbipụta uko ya aghọwo a okwu nke nsọpụrụ, n'ihi na site nnọọ ná mmalite nke ọchịchị ya, garala ka ọrụ. Isi nke abụọ Alaka nke Mikhail Speransky natara kasị elu ala award - na Order Andreya Pervozvannogo. Ke adianade do, obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya, na 1839, ọ ghọrọ agụ.

Tupu ya mbipụta nke Usoro a nwalere n'ụzọ na State Council, edu onyeisi oche nke ahụ a, Viktor Kochubey. The nzukọ ahụ gara na onye eze ukwu. N'ihi ya biri na codification nke iwu nke Nicholas 1. Ụbọchị nke ihe omume (31 January 1833) e ruo mgbe ebighị ebi ede akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian jurisprudence na iwu. Na manifesto envisaged preparatory oge mgbe ndị ọchịchị ga-abụrịrị maara na Usoro na iji kwadebe maka mmalite nke na-eme. Nke a mbipụta banye ike na 1 January 1835. Ya norms ịgbatị dum n'ókèala nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu.

-adịghị emezi emezi

Ọ bụ ezie na Usoro nwere a gịrịgịrị mpụga udi, ọ bụghị kwesịrị ekwesị na-na uwa nke esịtidem ọdịnaya. Iwu dị ka dị iche iche ụkpụrụ na kemgbe patchy. N'ụzọ dị iche na Western anakọta, Code haziri site ụkpụrụ nke incorporation. O dina eziokwu na iwu na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na megidere ọ bụla ọzọ. The alaka nke abụọ bụ nke isiokwu naanị iji belata Nwa.

Nicholas na-emetụta ọdịdị zuru oke nke iwu, n'ihi na ọ hụrụ ya dị ka a dị ize ndụ mbido mgbanwe. All nke ọchịchị ya, ọ gbalịrị iji chebe ochie iji, ka ha na-autocratic ọchịchị. Ọ bụ omume ya n'ebe eziokwu emetụta na codification.

crest nke Ọdịdị

Speransky nyere na-eme ka Usoro dị na ụkpụrụ nke iwu Rom. Ya usoro dabeere isi ihe abụọ akụkụ. Ọ bụ a onwe iwu na ọha na eze. Speransky mepụtara ya usoro iji mfe ọrụ na Usoro.

N'ihi ya, ihe nile nke ihe onwunwe e kewara asatọ nkewa. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha kwekọrọ na a kpọmkwem alaka nke iwu - .. The ala, ndutịm, mpụ, obodo, wdg asatọ akwụkwọ n'aka esetịpụ a 15 mpịakọta.

pụtara codification

Ọdịdị nke Usoro akara a ọhụrụ ogbo mmepe nke anụ ụlọ iwu. Citizens nke mba na nke mbụ natara a Ịhazi na mfe aka n'akwụkwọ na nke ị nwere ike ịlele na ọdabara iwu. Tupu usoro bụ emegiderịta ikike na gụnyere eclectic iberibe. Ugbu a unsystematic oge bụ n'oge gara aga.

Ngwa mmepe nke Russian iwu omenala. Ugbu a-isi ghọrọ ihe siri ike eme ihe n'ụzọ na ike ha. Omume ha nwere ike mfe lechara-agba izu na Usoro. People ọkọfiọkde ihe iwu bụ na otú ọ na-eji. N'ihi na Russian mbipụta nke Usoro n'ezie ọ dị a isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iwu mgbanwe. Ekemende mbipụta dezie ọtụtụ ugboro, dị ka ọhụrụ, na iwu pụtara n'okpuru ndị na-anọchi Nicholas I.