The hydrogen molekul n'obosara, nke usoro Ọdịdị. Gịnị bụ uka nke hydrogen molekul?

Na oge table nọmba 1 bụ ihe kasị nkịtị mmewere na eluigwe na ala - hydrogen. Ya nkesa na pasent bụ nso 75%. Kasị ala na ya kwuru na ikuku n'ígwé - 0,0001%. The ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ nwere 1% site na ibu ibu nke gas. Onye kasị ukwuu ego ya kwuru na mmiri: 12%. On na mbara ala anyị, ọ bụ nke atọ kasị chemical mmewere.

Description mmewere

A hydrogen molekul, onye usoro bụ N-H ma ọ bụ H2, nyere anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara.

Hydrogen bụ a gas na-adịghị enweta dịghị agba, ọ dịghị isi. Location nke hydrogen na Isiokwu 1 na ntụpọ n'ihi na eziokwu na dị iche iche na ọnọdụ, nke a mmewere nwere ike na-egosipụta onwe dị ka a metal ma ọ bụ dị ka a gas. On ya elu elektrọn orbitals bụ 1, nke nwere ike inye hydrogen (metal Njirimara) ma ọ bụ ọzọ (gas quality).

Na dayameta nke hydrogen molekul bụ hà 27 nm.

Dayameta 1a bụ hydrogen atọm, na okirikiri - 0, 41 A.

Njirimara

The anụ ahụ na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ:

1. Esi ebe - 256 Celsius ^C.
2. Agbaze uche: -259,2 ^° C
3. ikuku uka (D) - 0.069.
4. Hydrogen bụ agụghị oké soluble n'ime mmiri.

The chemical Njirimara ndị dị ka ndị:

1. Nonpolar ụmụ irighiri nkekọ dị n'etiti ndị ahụ nwere ike nke 436 King James Version / mol.
2. Kwes dissociation okpomọkụ bụ 2000 Celsius ^C.
3. Ọ mkpatụ na:

• halogens;
• oxygen;
• sọlfọ;
• nitrogen;
• nitric oxide;
• ifịk ọla.

Ọdịdị nke ọnọdụ, hydrogen emee ma ke eke ụdị na ụdị isotopes protium, deuterium na tritium.

molekụla Ọdịdị

Molekul mmewere nwere a dị mfe owuwu. The mejupụtara nke hydrogen molekul na-anọchi anya abụọ atọm na-ezukọ na-etolite a na-abụghị pola covalent nkekọ, nakwa dị ka otu elektrọn ụzọ. Ọdịdị nke atọm na-1 ghaghị ebubo ntọala, gburugburu nke na-akpali onye na-ezighị ezi na ebubo elektrọn. Nke a elektrọn emi odude ke 1s orbital.

H - + H = 1e a hydrogen ion dị mma.

Nke a okwu na-egosi na hydrogen nwere yiri kwa na ihe nke otu 1 nke oge usoro nke bụ alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium), na-enye a otu elektrọn na elu orbital.

H + H = 1e ọjọọ hydrogen ion.

Nke a akụkụ na-egosi na hydrogen bụ akin ka yiri ihe nke Group 7, bụ ndị nwere ike na-enweta ndị gas na efu electrons ya elu elektrọn larịị. Ndị dị otú ahụ, haruru na-agụnye: fluoro, chloro, bromo, etc ..

The mejupụtara nke hydrogen molekul na-graphically ọkọnọ dịrị gaba n'ime ebe.

The anya n'etiti hydrogen atọm r = 0,74 A, mgbe nchikota nke orbital okirikiri bụ 1,06 A. Ọ na-emetụta ịdị omimi nke yitewere nke elektrọn ígwé ojii na inogide, mụ hydrogen nkekọ.

The hydrogen atọm bụ ihe ndị kasị mkpa na ọdịdị atọm. proton nuclear size bụ 10.5 A, na dayameta nke otu atọm bụ 0,1 nm.

Ụmụ irighiri isotopes nwere a pụrụ iche Ọdịdị. Protium atọm ntọala mejupụtara naanị otu proton. Denoted isotope: 1H.

Nuclear Ọdịdị anya dị ka a mgbagwoju nke a proton na a neutron (2H).

3H - tritium - ya atọm Ọdịdị na-kenyere a ntọala nke 1 proton na abụọ neutrons.

ibu

Na sayensị e nwere formulas na compute, nke bụ hà uka nke hydrogen molekul. Na-akwanyere ndị mmewere, ikpebi molekụla na atọm uka.

Ezengwenri uka nke hydrogen molekul na gbakọọ site n'ozuzu usoro:

M = m / n, ebe m - bụ uka nke a umi, n - ha nọmba.

Atomic uka hà 1.008 amu N'ihi ya, ikwu arọ nke molekul bụkwa hà 1,008. Ebe ọ bụ na hydrogen molekul mejupụtara abụọ atọm, ikwu atọm ibu bụ 2.016 a. e. m. The arọ nke hydrogen molekul na-kwupụtara grams kwa ahumachi (g / mol).

The uru nke ndammana na-ewere ọnọdụ

The kasị mkpa n'okwu na ọdịdị, nke Nleta a mgbagwoju na hydrogen na oxygen bụ mmiri. Water - isi iyi nke ndụ, otú ahụ hydrogen - ọ bụ a dị oké mkpa.

Nke 100% nke niile chemical ọcha na-eme ka organismal ajụ 1/10 nke, ma ọ bụ 10%, guru nke hydrogen. Ke adianade mmiri, ọ bụ ike ịnọgide na-enwe quaternary Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein, nke bụ omume na n'ihi na hydrogen nkekọ.

Ụkpụrụ nke complementarity nke nucleic asịd na-ewe ebe ahụ na mmetụta nke hydrogen ụmụ irighiri. The osisi cell H atụ ke usoro nke photosynthesis, biosynthesis, na ike nyefe n'elu akpụkpọ ahụ ọwa.

ngwa

Na chemical ọrụ, hydrogen bụ ebe ọdabara. Ọ na-kwukwara na imewe nke plastic ngwaahịa, ncha Ndinam, nakwa dị ka amonia na menthol mmepụta.

Food ụlọ ọrụ: na Nwa nke nri na ngwaahịa, ndị hydrogen na kwukwara ka a nri mmako E949. Ndị dị otú ahụ akụrụngwa nwere ike hụrụ na mkpo nke majarin, akwukwo nri mmanụ. E949 mmako kwere nri ụlọ ọrụ nke Russian Federation.

Nwụrụ e ozugbo abuana ke Aeronautics ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka umi bụ Mkpa ọkụ ka ikuku. Ya mere, na 30s nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ, nke a na ụdị gas jupụtara balloons na airships. N'agbanyeghị ya ala na-eri na ala nke iji, hydrogen anya kwụsịrị iji dị ka a dịanyā, dị ka ikpe nke ntiwapụ ugbo elu.

Taa, gas na-eji dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala na-eji na aerospace ụlọ ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, ya ngwa weere ụzọ maka engines na njem ụgbọala, gwongworo, n'ihi na mmewere n'oge combustion anaghị emit n'ime ikuku nke na-emerụ adịghị, na Ya mere bụ environmentally friendly.

An integral akụrụngwa nke hydrogen isotopes-egosi na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ ọjọọ. Deuterium na-eji na pharmacological ọmụmụ iji chọpụta omume na mmetụta nke ọgwụ na ahụ. Tritium na-eji na radiodiagnosis ka mmewere akọwapụta Biochemical Jeremaya mere metabolic enzymes. Nwụrụ peroxide bụ onye so, nke bụ a disinfectant.