The kasị elu ulo-elu nke Moscow Kremlin. Description Moscow Kremlin elu

The kasị elu ulo-elu nke Moscow Kremlin - bụ Central Tower n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na ngalaba nke mgbidi, na-ahapụ Alexander Garden. Ọ na-akpọ Atọ n'Ime Otu, bụ njem na nke abụọ kasị ukwuu. The ụlọ elu a na-anyanya a rubi kpakpando, na ozugbo na ya, dị ka nke ọma dị ka na Spassky vezhe (Old Russian aha), chimes nghọta.

The oge ochie nkume ọcha Kremlin

Ọbụna Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy na afọ 1366-1368 na-anọchi osisi mgbidi nke Kremlin. The ihe onwunwe site na nke na-ewu ọhụrụ e wusiri ike na ụlọ nche, mgbe mgbe, a na-na-egbuke egbuke na nkume nzu ma ọ bụ "nkume ọcha", nke bụ ka ọgaranya Central n'ógbè Russia. Nke a bụ malite na oge ochie na akara nke Moscow - "nkume ọcha". Otú ọ dị, ewu ihe owuwu bụ na-emebi emebi na dilapidated wusiri ike. NYEGHACHI ọrụ rụrụ na a mgbe niile, nke mere na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-egosi na ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị. Ya mere, na 1462 na Moscow ahịa Vasiliem Dmitrievichem Ermolinym, bụ onye nọ na oge na-elekọta ndị niile na-ewu na-arụ ọrụ na mba ozo, isi idozi mgbidi e rụrụ site n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá ka Borovitsky Sviblovo strelnitsa. Iji zaa ajụjụ ahụ "nke nke ụlọ elu nke Kremlin bụ ndị kasị elu", ị kwesịrị ịma banyere niile nkọwa, gụnyere a n'ozuzu nwughari nke mgbidi na elu na, n'agbanyeghị nke isi Ndozi, nọgidere "na-aga." N'ihi nke a, Ivan III Ukwu ahụ, ikpọ, site n'ụzọ, na Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi size ugboro 6, a iwu e nyere na nke ikpeazụ atọ nke XV narị afọ, dị ka a N'ihi nke na-egbu nke Moscow Kremlin, mgbidi ya na ụlọ nche undergone a buu reorganization.

New Kremlin red brick

Iji nweta ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị Grand Duke nke Moscow na-agwa si Italy ama nke nna ukwu nke ije, n'okpuru nduzi nke a na 1485-amalite analysis nke nkume ọcha pryasel (n'ógbè n'etiti ụlọ elu abụọ), mgbidi na elu ha. N'ihi na afọ iri, na-na saịtị parsed wusiri ike e wuru ọhụrụ, nke a oge nke brick. N'oge a nwughari Kremlin ebe e mụbara site attaching òkè ke edere nke e wusiri ike. Na ugbu a na ọ bụ 27,5 hectare na ka enwetara ihe oge ufodu triangle udi. Ọ obụk nke ugbu a ebe e wusiri ike. The ọrụ edu ndị Ịtali. Ya mere na ọ dịghị ihe ijuanya na eziokwu na elu njedebe nke mgbidi, mma na battlements, niile Veigy (Old Russian aha), gụnyere tallest ulo-elu nke Moscow Kremlin, dị nnọọ ka ndị Italian castles - Scaligero na Verona na Milan na Sforza Castle.

Moscow ụlọ elu e wusiri ike

Total Moscow Kremlin nwere 20 elu. Atọ n'akụkụ - Vodovzvodnaya, Beglemishevskaya na Nkuku Arsenal - ụlọ elu ngalaba dị gburugburu, ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere tallest ulo-elu nke Moscow Kremlin - na square. Nke ngụkọta ensemble, noo tumadi na otu ịke, guzo Nikolskaya ụlọ elu-anọ na-Red Square, nke na 1812 na French ghasara. Mgbe mweghachi ọrụ rụrụ na oru ngo O. I. Bove, o nyere a gothic anya na-ese na-acha ọcha. All vezhi udi na ịdị elu dị iche iche onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Ya mere nke nke ha bụ ndị kasị elu ulo-elu nke Kremlin? Atọ n'Ime Otu. Gịnị ka ọ bụ na ebe? Gịnị bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme?

fryazhskie architects

A ngụkọta rụzigharịrị Kremlin ama abuana Aleviz Fryazin (Milanese), bụ onye bịara Moscow na 1494. Na 1495 ọ abuana na-ewu mgbidi na ndị ụlọ nche tinyere Neglinnaya River. Nkume-ulo na-wuru n'okpuru idu ndú ya (1499-1508 afọ). Na 1508 o wuru a dam na osimiri, nke asọpụta tinyere n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kremlin mgbidi. Ekele ha mmiri larịị ke osimiri bilie ukwuu jupụta ekpe mmiri juru kere tinyere mgbidi-anọ na-Red Square. Ọ si 1508 na 1516 n'okpuru nduzi nke Milanese gwuru. Na ha na-wuru n'ebe ugwu bụ ndị kasị elu ulo-elu nke Moscow Kremlin.

Ọ ga-kwuru na Fryazin - bụghị a aha, a aha otutu nke e nyere niile Western Russian ọkachamara nke si n'ebe ndịda Europe. Ọ na-abịa site a agbagọ okwu "franc". N'ihi nke a, ọ bụ mgbe mgbagwoju anya. Aloisio da Milano, Aleviz Fryazin Milanese na Aloisio da Karezano (ma ọ bụ Carcano) - bụ otu na otu onye ahụ, wuo ụlọ elu Trinity na Bon Fryazin elu belfry "Ivan Veliky". N'otu oge ahụ, Ivan III kpọrọ Moscow ọzọ Aleviz Fryazin, ma Venitsiantsa ma ọ bụ New. Ha nwere ọbụna nkịtị aha - fryazhskie architects. Tụkwasị na nke a "Fryazinov" ma ọ bụ "fryagov" kpọrọ Ivan III Great bụ Marco Ruffo na Pietro Antonio Solari, karị, Mark Peter Fryazinov.

Kremlin wusiri ike

Ya mere, nke kachasi elu ulo-elu nke Moscow Kremlin E wuru si 1495 na 1499 afọ Aleviz Fryazin Milanese. Na nke mbụ e wusiri ike nke Kremlin - Taynitskaya Tower (center ke akụkụ ebe ndịda nke Kremlin mgbidi) - na oru July 14, 1485. Mgbe ahụ, na ulo-elu na-etinye n'ime ọrụ fọrọ nke nta kwa afọ. The ọhụrụ - Imperial Tower - wuru na 1680. Special okwu kwesịrị mgbidi nke Kremlin, gụnyere so tinyere Neglinnaya River. Ke ufọt a nke bụ kasị elu North Tower nke Moscow Kremlin. Total ogologo nke mgbidi hà 2235 mita, ịdị elu dịgasị si 5 na 19 m. The ọkpụrụkpụ nke mgbidi si 3.5 na 6.5 m nwere a ngafe-site ná mmalite, ma mgbe ahụ juru na akụkụ dị iche iche irighiri.

pụrụ iche mgbidi

Ụlọ nche na-iche site na-anya, nke nwere ike merie wara wara, ẹkenịm n'elu mgbidi. Obosara ya esịmde ebe 2, na ebe na 4 mita. N'èzí ọ na-echebe site nwere mpi abụọ ezé onye elu bụ hà 2-2.5 m, na ọkpụrụkpụ -. 0,65-0,7 m Total nọmba nke nche ezé-ewekarị gburugburu perimeta hà 1045 iberibe. Sagittarians onye nọ n'elu mgbidi ndị na n'ogige n'akụkụ kpuchie mgbochi mgbidi. Ná mmalite Itie kpuchie gable kanopi n'okpuru nke ọ bụ ike na-agbaba n'ime ọjọọ ihu igwe, na nnọọ mgbidi ya kpuchie si ọdachi nke mmiri ozuzo na snow. Nke a n'elu ụlọ esurewo na XVIII narị afọ, na ukwuu nke na ọ na-adịghị weghachiri eweghachi.

History of aha

Ebe ọ bụ na ndị kasị elu ulo-elu nke Moscow Kremlin akpọ Atọ n'Ime Otu, ọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta ihe mere e nyere aha a, karịsịa ebe ibido ya ùgwù nke Epiphany, mgbe ahụ, Rizpolozhensky mesịrị Znamenskaia na Kuretnoy na ugbu a aha o meriri naanị na 1658 site na iwu nke Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich n'ihi anọ na ókèala ndị Kremlin Trinity farmstead. Previous aha jikọtara na Kremlin chọọchị na ndị dị nso nke eze nchịkwa ụlọ.

kasị mbụ

N'atu Kremlin (foto mmasị) ụlọ elu nwere ndị na-esonụ parameters: si Alexander Garden, wuru ebe tupu e osimiri Neglinnaya, rịgoro ọjà, elu nke Veigy na kpakpando nke 80 mita, na-enweghị - 76,35, ke n'ime akụkụ - karị 69,3 na 65,65 m. ulo-elu a na-agagharị. Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ya ebe ya inception na njedebe nke Asaa a na-ewere nke abụọ kasị mkpa mgbe Spassky.

Ha na-eje ozi n'ihi na amaokwu n'ụlọikpe nke Queens, eze na nna ochie. Na 1516, site Trinity Tower gafee Neglinnaya River bụ a àkwà mmiri na biri n'ahụ strelnitsa ma ọ bụ ndị Barbican, a na-akpọ nke a Kutafya ụlọ elu. Ọ jere ozi dị ka a ihe e wusiri ike na akpa ebe n'ihu chebe n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá. Ọ bụ naanị ndụ ulo-elu nke Kremlin bridgehead. Aga site ya Troitsky Bridge, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Moscow, wuru na saịtị nke mbụ nkume ụlọ nke a isi obodo, nke e wuru na XIV narị afọ.

Nke abụọ kasị mkpa

Gịnị bụ ndị kasị elu ulo-elu nke Moscow Kremlin, na gịnị mere na isi-nzọpụta? O doro anya na, na ụfọdụ oge nke Soviet mere eme, pụtara nke Atọ n'Ime Otu Gates kwukwara na ọ bụ site na ha March 12, 1918 V. I. Lenin rutere Kremlin. Site na Trinity Gates bịara ebe a, Napoleon, site na ha o we site na Kremlin. Iweghachi na a mmeri ndị eze ndị kwa Trinity Bridge, mgbe ahụ, ha solemnly ada na Spassky Gate. Ná mmalite ndị kasị elu ulo-elu nke Moscow Kremlin (foto mmasị) egwuri a dị ịrịba ama ọrụ ndị mere dum Moscow. Ọ bụ ndị kasị elu, ma ọ bụghị isi n'ihi na ọ bụghị gaa Red Square.

Myirịta na esemokwu

Na ọgwụgwụ nke ndị na-ewu ụlọ elu a, e dechara site e kere eke nke e wusiri ike nke niile n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mgbidi - n'akụkụ nke a nke Kremlin ghọrọ-apụghị imeri emeri. Nnukwu ụlọ elu na n'elu biri ezé, osisi tent e hipped. The akwụkwọ si 1585, ulo-elu a bụ chimes na ewere ya oyiyi ahụ Nzọpụta. Ke adianade do, ma na-arụnyere na-gawa ugo, na emblem nke Russia na Atọ n'Ime Otu bụ okenye, kpọkọtara ọtụtụ iberibe bolted. Na mgbe na 1685, e wuru n'elu a multi-tiered na elu nkume marquee ọcha turrets, nke ọzọ nkume ọcha mma, yiri isi Spassky ụlọ elu ghọọ nnọọ nnukwu. Ee, ọbụna a afọ mgbe e mesịrị ọhụrụ chimes eyịride (mgbe ha na-akpọ ya ọkụ nke Moscow na 1812, ha na-agaghịkwa weghachiri).

Ihe nke chọọchị ije

On ajụjụ nke nke nke ụlọ elu nke Kremlin bụ kasị elu, i nwere ike ịza: na nke a na-anyanya a nkata na asatọ na-enwe site smotritelnuyu akụkụ. Gịnị ka ọ pụtara? Okwu ahụ bụ "octagon na quadrangle" bụ a ụdị ụkpụrụ ụlọ mejupụtara, tumadi ụlọ chọọchị. Octagonal ma ọ bụ octagonal nhazi, n'ala-anọchi na anọ-kwadoro, ihe sara mbara-dabeere. Ndị dị otú ahụ a mejupụtara yiri aspiring n'eluigwe, nke nyere ndị na-ewu nke dynamism, ọ bụ, n'aka nke ya, bụ onye a ma ama na atụmatụ nke Moscow Baroque. Na chọọchị dị iche iche nke nējide onwe-ala na octagonal mgbịrịgba e odude, ndammana, ọ bụghị glazed na-agagharị site. Troitskaya Tower, elu tiers nke e wuru na ụdị anya dị mma nke ukwuu site ugbu a Alexander Garden. Nke a na-facilitated site eziokwu na nkuku na strelnitsa chọpụtara iche iche turrets na pinnacles. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-anapụ n'oge mgbasa nke loopholes na 1707 n'ihi na abịanụ iyi egwu nke Swedish mbuso agha. Part - na mbata na Atọ n'Ime Otu Tower-edebe ihe ochie nke Ministry nke Imperial Court. Ọ e wughachiri ọbụna mụbaa.

The nnukwu, asatọ-storey

The kasị elu ulo-elu nke Kremlin na Moscow nwere isii n'elu-ala abua na ala ala. Deep cellars bu ibido nzere na agha na nzube. Mgbe ahụ, na XVI-na Asaa na narị afọ, ndị a cellars e ghọọ a n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ndị a miri emi nke ukwuu n'okpuru ala ala e chọpụtara na 1851. N'oge nile ọ dị, Troitskaya Tower eji ụzọ dị iche iche. M bụ ebe a ruo mgbe 1895 edebe ihe ochie nke Imperial Court, na ugbu a na Presidential eti egwú na-etinye na ya.

Kremlin kpakpando

Ke adianade do, ndị kasị elu ulo-elu nke Kremlin na Moscow - onye nke ise kpuwere ya kpakpando. Borovitskaya Spasskaya na Nikolskaya na Vodovzvodnaya - na ọ bụ anọ n'ụlọ elu niile, nke armorial biarin nke Imperial Russia na-anọchi kpakpando. Na dị na mkpuchi nke ogwe aka nwekwara ike ịjụ ajụjụ, ọ bụ nnọọ mkpa na zaa: "Olee nke bụ nke elu nke Moscow Kremlin bụ ndị kasị elu?" Azịza ga-abụ: onye na nke guzoro nso ruo mgbe 1935 kasị ochie (oge mbuli elu - 1830), abụọ-gawa ugo. "Ntà" (1912) bụ na Onye Nzọpụta. Ma ọ dochie a kpakpando mbụ. The mbụ kpakpando ndị ọlaedo ọkara dị oké ọnụ ahịa ma dị nnọọ arọ - erikpu ruo a ton. Ya mere ụlọ Spassky, Atọ n'Ime Otu ma Borovetskoy elu mbụ sikwuo ike. Otú ọ dị, ọkara dị oké ọnụ ahịa kpakpando ngwa ngwa adịkwaghị, na 1937 kpebiri dochie ha luminous kpakpando nke rubi iko.

The iche nke Kremlin elu

Olee ihe ọzọ nwere ike ị na-aza ajụjụ banyere ihe bụ ndị kasị elu ulo-elu nke Kremlin? Ọ bụrụ na ị na-layout plan, anyị pụrụ ịhụ na ọ bụ 15 elu nke Onye Nzọpụta vezhi (Nọmba bụ counterclockwise) na nwere kasị elu - Atọ n'Ime Otu, otu departs si ya akwa. Onye ọ bụla nke 20 vezh Kremlin bụ ihe pụrụ iche, nwere ya akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-akọwa ha dịkarịa ala elu ọnụ, otu isiokwu bụ ezughị.