The Republic of Venice. The Republic of St. Mak: akụkọ ihe mere eme

The Venetian Republic e hiwere na njedebe nke narị afọ nke asaa na Europe. The isi obodo bụ obodo Venice. Na n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ókèala nke oge a na Italian Republic kwụsịbeghị, akpụ a ógbè na efere nke Marmara, Aegean na Black Sea na Adriatic. Ọ adị ruo mgbe 1797.

Republican ikpe ziri ezi

Na Obí Doges on pyantsette nọdụ Ministers and Council nke Doges, e a n'ụlọikpe. Secretariat, ọbụna n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Gburu ndị Republic of Venice niile omempụ n'ihu ọha, mgbe mgbe, enweghị nkọwa - onye ọ bụla e gburu onye sabo na mkpokọta mmasị.

Ikpe - emekarị na a n'ọnụ - ọrụ undercover Council of Iri. Oge ikpeazụ ndị obodo hụrụ ozu n'etiti ogidi na pyantsette bụghị otú ahụ ogologo oge gara aga - na 1752, a ụbọchị e nwere ihe ịrịba ama: n'etiti ogidi aga - bụghị ihe ọma.

Otú ọ dị, na ozu nwere ike pomereschitsya n'ebe nile: na Doge Obí, on top of ya Egwulegwu, ebe ogidi ndị red, nke eyịride na quartered foduru nke izu ọjọọ Marino Faliero, na ọbụna ke Katidral, na akuku nke onye ọkpụkpụ isi E debere. A mpempe porphyry, nke jere ozi dị ka a na-akwado ha, dị ka e nwere. N'ihi ya, kwa, kwusara iwu na chọrọ soro Republic of Venice. The akụkọ ya na ogologo na controversial.

pụrụ iche ala

Nke e kere site na-ise na iri na itoolu na narị afọ, ọ fọrọ nke nta, na mba-ama hoputara ọchịchị, na, otu nwere ike ikwu, sị, ochichi onye kwuo uche. Back na 466, ndị bi na nke na Venice laguunu ikpokọta a enweghi mgbe echiche. Iri na abụọ na-anọchite anya na a hoputara na Board nke iri na abụọ kasị mkpa maka ndị ugboro agwaetiti na-eme ka Venice: Bebb, Grado, Heraclea, Caorle, Torcello, Jesolo, na Rialto, Murano, omenala, Malamocco, Big na Small Chioggia.

Vynuzhdlena Venetian Republic nọ na-alụ ike na-anọgide: Odoacer, na Ostrogoths, na Eastern Alaeze Ukwu Rom, nke ugboro ugboro incursions nke Lombards ... Ọ kpughere mkpa ibu kasị elu. First hoputara doge na ndụ ya, ma na-enweghị banyere ọnọdụ ya nketa 697 afọ. Ọ bụ Paolo Lucio Anafesto - isi nke Venetian Republic. Ọ bụ ezie na mbụ nnọọ rigorously akwukwo ntuli aka mere naanị na 727, mgbe doge ghọrọ Orseolo.

Akwụkwọ ndọrọ ego na-ọtùtù

Venice usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ nnọọ mgbagwoju akara usoro. Mbụ niile, ọ dị mkpa iji hụ na emeghị usurpation nke ike.

• Grand Council: kasị ahu nke na-elects bụ isi Atụmatụ, ndị nduzi obodo na Doges. Otu na-ejedebeghị na-nketa n'okpuru ntinye ke "Golden Book". The nọmba n'oge dị iche iche site na 400 na a na puku ndị mmadụ.
• Doge: hoputara n'etiti procurators nke San Marco - ụlọ ọrụ maka ndụ. Eleven ntuli aka nkebi. Mee onwe ha mkpebi ike ike ókè. Enweghi ike njem na nke ihe onwunwe ná mba ọzọ.
• Obere n'ọnụ: isii ndị ndụmọdụ na doge na atọ òtù nke Board of iri anọ.
• Sineti: otu narị na iri abụọ na ndị òtù hoputara maka otu afọ na nri na-re-hoputara. More narị na iri anọ òtù enweghị ịme ntuli aka ikike. The isi nke Sineti - Collegium nke iri na isi. Council na-atụle na-edozi ihe niile na anụ ụlọ na ndị mba ọzọ iwu.
• Council iri anọ: Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Republic. Ọ akụkọ ihe ọzọ ndụmọdụ.
• NDỤMỌDỤ iri: fọrọ nke nta Njụta Okwukwe. Special surveillance nke Doge. Òtù na-hoputara maka a afọ nke oké ndụmọdụ. Mmekọrita ajuru aju. Kpam kpam amaonye Ọdịdị.
• Ọchịchị ọzọ oru: ọkachamara Nkịtị, okpukpe brotherhoods.

Họrọ ma na-hoputara nwere ike ọ bụla Venetian, kama, dị ka mgbe niile na n'ebe nile, Doge ghọrọ onye nnọchiteanya nke otu n'ime ndị kasị baa ọgaranya ezinụlọ. Dị otú ahụ ntuli aka bụ ma Republic of Venice. History akuko onwe ya mgbe niile.

The nnweta nke ike

Chie, obodo nke Venice e depụtara maka Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium, maka a obere oge Karl Veliky kwukwara ya onwe ha, ma n'ezie na e nwere mgbe a mgba. Ọnọdụ nke a mma ma baa uru. Republic of Venice bụghị naanị a nnọọ nke ọma trading, ma agha mmeri, karịsịa na oké osimiri. N'ihi ya, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke na Adriatic Sea na ọtụtụ ndị Lower Italy ghọrọ ogwe aka nke ndị Venetian doge.

Crusades karịsịa mma ahia mmekọahụ, na obodo nke Venice malitere-ọma, ịgbasa mmetụta na Middle na Near East. Asọmpi na ihu nke Pisa, Republic City na Genoa ike mpi ndị Republic nke Doges.

mmachi nke ikike

O sina dị, n'ime obodo Democrats kpọrọ otụhọde oké ozu. Ọchịchọ nke ụfọdụ na-atụgharị Republic n'ime a butere n'aka onyeeze emeghị inwoghara. Na 1172 a na-akpọ Great Council hoputara nnọchiteanya onye ike infringed ike nke Doges.

Collegial ozu gbanwere ha aha na nọmba: Republic of St. Mark, otú mgbe a na-akpọ Republic of Venice na Middle Ages, na ọ kere Council of iri anọ, ndị Council of na narị ise, ndị a na ozu a họọrọ ike nke dozham, ha na-achịkwa, na na-ejikwa ihe niile omume nke onye na-achị obodo. Ha mere ha otu oligarchic Republic, elekọta ntuli aka.

Na nke a image ọdum nke St. Mark, na ọkwọrọikọ, aha e nyere ndị Katidral na-eme Council of Iri, nke bụ ezi mpako nke Venetian Republic. Uwe nke aka n'ihu gị.

oligarchy

The kasị eji ọchịchị usoro ihe omume a ogologo oge e a agha, na ndị oligarchs bụ agwụ agwụ isi iyi nke ego. Loans mere manye na-eche ihe ndị kasị ọgaranya nke nke bi. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-ajụ ma ọ bụ na-eleghara a na-achị na sụgharịrị Venetian Republic. History chebere aha ọtụtụ ndị bụ ndị nwara iguzogide, na onye ọgwụgwụ mesịrị bụrụ aha ọjọọ. O sina dị, n'ozuzu nzukọ ndị mmadụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ kagburu na etisasịwo. Iwu naanị na-arụ ọrụ maka ọdịmma nke ndị oké ozu.

Mgbe mmeri nke Constantinople site Agha Ntụte gara Venice atọ asatọ nke dum n'ókèala nke Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium na dum agwaetiti Krit. N'ihi ya, site na njedebe nke iri na ise na narị afọ na ọ bụ ọgaranya na-adịghị atụ egwu nke ndị iro. Otu n'ime ihe ndị Venishia ndị ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na nkà na, karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ala. Ọma na ụlọ ọrụ, na ahia. People ngwa ngwa na-eto ọgaranya, n'ihi na ọ na-nyagburu ụtụ isi.

mgbanwe

Portugal na 1498 meghere ụzọ oké osimiri na East Indies, na obodo nke Venice ka furu efu niile dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ahia uru. Isperih Ottoman were Constantinople, we wepu Venishia fọrọ obere ihe niile ha nwere, ọbụna Albania na Negroponte, wee Cyprus, na Candia. Ebe ọ bụ na 1718 na Republic of Venice ka fọrọ kwụsịrị isonye na zuru ụwa ọnụ ahia.

Ọ bụ banyere abụọ na ọkara nde ụmụ amaala bi na Venice onwe ya, na Dalmatia, Istria na Ionian Islands. Na mgbe French mgbanwe na nnwere onwe nke ikpeazụ obodo furu efu. Bonaparte kwuru agha na Republic. Ọ dịghị mkparita uka na ohere na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. Venice nyefere na ezi uche 1797. The Republic n'ókèala e kewara n'etiti Austria, France na Alaeze nke Italy.

pụta

Full ndụ adị karịa 1100 afọ, ndibọhọ n'ókèala a puku ukwuu karịa ya, nke nwere ọtụtụ oke naval nsoro na Mediterranean, iro na Turks na ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, na Republic of Venice ga-echeta dị ka ndị mbụ onye kwuo uche obodo. The eziokwu na ọ ekemende okpu iji chebe ọ bụghị naanị meriri, ma isi obodo ya - ihe ahụ: agha ya na ya agbata obi na-adịghị mma karịa obodo.