The Westphalian usoro. The ida nke Westphalian usoro na e guzobere a n'ụwa ọhụrụ iji

Westphalian usoro - a usoro maka omume nke mba iwu, guzobere na Europe na na Asaa na narị afọ. Ọ tọrọ ntọala nke oge a mmekọahụ n'etiti mba abụọ na kwalitere guzobe ọhụrụ mba-ekwu.

Mụrụ Agha Iri Afọ Atọ

Westphalian ọbụbụeze e guzobere n'ihi nke Iri Afọ Atọ War 1618-1648 gg., N'oge nke bibiri ntọala nke gara aga ụwa iji. Na a ogu ọ dọtara fọrọ nke nta niile na-ekwu, nke Europe, ma dabeere na see okwu n'etiti ndị Protestant na ndị Katọlik eze nke Germany Holy Alaeze Ukwu Rom, na-akwado site n'akụkụ ọzọ nke German isi. Ná ngwụsị nke XVI narị afọ, convergence nke Austrian na Spanish alaka nke House of Habsburg kere preconditions maka mweghachi nke alaeze ukwu nke Charles V. Ma, ọ bụ ihe na-egbochi nnwere onwe nke ndị German Protestant nwenụ mma Ausburgskim ụwa. Na 1608 na eze kere a Protestant n'otu, kụziri site na Britain na France. N'ụzọ dị iche na ya na 1609 na Catholic League e kere - na-arụrụ Spain na Pope.

N'ezie nke agha 1618-1648 gg.

Mgbe Habsburgs ike mmetụta na Czech Republic, nke n'ezie na-eduga ná ndị mebiri nke ikike nke ndị Protestant na mba nnupụisi. Friedrich Palatinate - na nkwado nke Union of Protestant eze ọhụrụ a họpụtara na mba. Site na nke a oge na-amalite akpa oge nke agha - Czech. Ọ e ji na-emeri nke Protestant agha, siizi nke ala eze, ntughari n'okpuru ikike nke Upper Palatinate na Bavaria, nakwa dị ka mweghachi nke Katọlik na mba.

Nke abụọ oge - Danish, nke e ji aka nke mba ndị agbata obi na N'ezie nke agha ahụ. Denmark mbụ gara agha iji jiri Baltic n'ụsọ oké osimiri. N'oge a, ndị agha mgbochi Habsburg mmekota na-ata ahụhụ a ịrịba mmeri nke Catholic League, na Denmark na-amanye ịdọrọ si agha. Na mbuso agha nke ebe ugwu Germany Gustavian Swedish agha amalite mkpọsa. Oké mgbanwe na-amalite mgbe ikpeazụ ogbo - na Franco-Swedish.

udo nke Westphalia

Mgbe France banyere agha ahụ, uru nke Protestant n'otu bịara doo anya, nke a emewo ka mkpa ọ dị ịchọ a ikwere n'etiti ọzọ. Na 1648 ọ nọ na bịanyere aka Peace nke Westphalia, nke gụnyere abụọ nkwekọrịta, nke a kwadebere na Congress nke Münster na Osnabrück. O dere a ọhụrụ na itule ike na ụwa na ikike disintegration Nsọ Alaeze Ukwu Rom n'ime onwe ha na-ekwu, (ihe karịrị 300).

Ke adianade do, ebe ọ bụ na Peace nke Westphalia isi ụdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nzukọ nke ọha mmadụ na-aghọ a "na ala - mba", na-achị ụkpụrụ nke mba na ibe ya - ọbụbụeze mba. The okpukpe akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta e weere dị ka ndị a: na Germany e nha anya ikike maka okpukpe Calvin, òtù Luther na ndị Katọlik.

Westphalian ọbụbụeze

Ya ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi aghọwo ihe vvyglyadet:

1. The ụdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nzukọ nke otu - mba ala.

2. geopolitical inequality doro anya hierarchy nke ike - si dị ike na-adịghị ike.

3. The isi ụkpụrụ nke mmekọahụ na ụwa - ọbụbụeze mba na-ekwu.

4. The usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ịha.

5. The steeti a na ụgwọ larịị aku esemokwu n'etiti ya na-achị.

6. Non-nnyonye anya na esịtidem omume nke mba ọ bụla ọzọ.

7. Clear nzukọ nke anụ ala n'etiti European na-ekwu.

8. The na-abụghị zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọdịdị. Ná mmalite, ndị iwu na guzobere Westphalian usoro, eme naanị na ókèala nke Europe. N'ime oge ahụ, sonyeere ha Eastern Europe, North America na Mediterranean.

Usoro ihe ọhụrụ nke mba mmekọahụ kpọpụrụ na ụwa na mwekota nke omenala, kara akara ọgwụgwụ nke kewapụrụ iche nke onye na-ekwu. Ke adianade do, o mewokwa ka oruru nke ngwa mmepe nke ikeketeorie na Europe.

Mmepe nke Westphalian usoro. 1st ogbo

O doro anya na deere multipolarity nke Westphalian usoro, adịru onye ọ bụla nke na-ekwu, nwere ike nweta zuru hegemony, na isi mgba maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị uru lụrụ n'etiti France, England na Netherlands.
N'oge ọchịchị nke "Sun King" Louis XIV, France ga-eji ike ya mba ọzọ amụma. Ọ e ji mara ebumnuche nweta ókèala ndị ọhụrụ na-achụ mgbe niile na nnyonye anya n'ihe omume nke mba ndị agbata obi.

Na 1688, a na-akpọ Grand Alliance, isi ọnọdụ nke nwere Netherlands na England e guzobere. Nke a n'otu na-eduzi ya na-eme iji belata France mmetụta na ụwa. A obere ka e mesịrị na Netherlands na England, sonyeere ndị ọzọ na-emegide nke Louis nke Iri na Anọ - Savoie, Spain na Sweden. Ha kere Augsburg League. Dị ka a n'ihi agha, ọ e weghachiri otu n'ime ndị isi kwuru, nke kwusara Westphalian usoro - na itule ike mba na mba na ibe ya.

The evolushọn nke Westphalian usoro. 2nd ogbo

E nwere a-eto eto ime nke Prussia. Nke a na obodo na-emi odude ke esịt Europe, o sonyeere na-alụ maka igba nke German n'ókèala. Ọ bụrụ na ndị Prussian atụmatụ adị, ọ pụrụ imebi ntọala na nke zuru Westphalian ọbụbụeze. Na ụzọ nke Prussia na Mmetụta na Seven Agha Afọ nke Austrian nketa. Ma esemokwu nwere ọtụtụ ndị ghara ikwe na ụkpụrụ nke udo iwu, guzosie ike mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Iri Afọ Atọ.
E wezụga ike Prussia, Russia ụba arụ n'ụwa. Ọ gosiri Russian-Swedish agha.

Ke ofụri ofụri, a ọhụrụ oge nke Westphalian usoro banyere njedebe nke Seven Agha Afọ amalite.

Agba nke atọ nke ịdị adị nke Westphalian usoro

guzobe mba na-ekwu ga-amalite mgbe Great French mgbanwe. N'oge a, na steeti bụ guarantor nke ikike nke ụmụ amaala ya, ọ na-rụrụ ụka ozizi "na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị legitimacy". Ya isi tesis bụ na mba na mba nwere ikike adị naanị n'ihe ebe ókè-ala izute agbụrụ n'ókèala.

Mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke Napoleonic Agha, na Congress of Vienna na 1815 maka oge mbụ kwuru banyere mkpa kwusi ohu, ke adianade do, ndị metụtara okpukpe Nhapụ na nnwere onwe.

N'otu oge ahụ e nwere n'ezie ụkpụrụ nke okuku, kpebie na ihe ụmụ amaala nke ala - na nke a bụ a kpere esịtidem nsogbu nke mba. Nke a gosiri na Berlin Conference on Africa na Congress na Brussels, Geneva na The Hague.

Versailles-Washington usoro nke mba mmekọahụ

Nke a na usoro e guzobere mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ na regrouping nke agha na mba arena. Ndabere nke ụwa ọhụrụ iji ruru nkwekọrịta kwubiri dị ka a n'ihi nke Paris na Washington ugwu. Na January 1919, mmalite nke ya ọrụ ndị Paris Conference. Ndabere nke okwu n'etiti US, France, Britain, Italy na Japan na-etinye "14 ihe" Woodrow Wilson. Ọ ga-kwuru na akụkụ nke Versailles usoro e kere n'okpuru nduzi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agha-emeri na nzube nke State mmeri na First World. N'otu oge ahụ na-eleghara ọdịmma nke ndị meriri mba na ndị na dị nnọọ pụtara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị map nke ụwa (Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, wdg). Number nke nkwekọrịta e ikike site disintegration Austria na Hungarian, Russian, German na Ottoman alaeze ukwu, na-akọwa a kpuchie nke a n'ụwa ọhụrụ ka.

Washington Conference

Versailles Act na nkwekọrịta na Germany, ndị òtù na-tumadi metụtara mba Europe. Na 1921-1922, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị Washington Conference, nke-edozi nsogbu nke post-agha mmezi na Far East. Ọrụ dị mkpa na-arụ ọrụ nke a Congress-egwuri US na Japan, nakwa dị ka n'ime akaụntụ na-ebute ọdịmma nke England na France. Ná nzukọ, anyị na-aka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkwekọrịta na-akọwa na ndabere nke Far Eastern subsystem. Ndị a omume ma mee akụkụ nke abụọ n'ụwa ọhụrụ iji n'okpuru aha nke Washington usoro nke mba mmekọahụ.

Isi nzube nke United States bụ "na-emeghe ụzọ" Japan na China. Ha nọchiri ke N'ezie nke ogbako mkpochapu njikọ nke Britain na Japan. Na njedebe nke Washington Congress biri frasi nke guzobere a n'ụwa ọhụrụ ka. Inwe emmepe nke ike, nke bụ enwe ike ịzụlite a dịtụ mụ usoro nke mmekọahụ.

Basic ụkpụrụ na e ji mara mba mmekọahụ

1. Iwusi idu ndú nke US, Britain na France na mba idaha na ịkpa ókè na Germany, Russia, Turkey na Bulgaria. Enweghị afọ ojuju na ya pụta agha, ndị na-enwe mmeri onye mba. Nke a gaghị agara ekwe omume nke ọbọ.

2. mwepụ si US European iwu. N'ezie, a N'ezie na onwe-iche a na-akpọsa mgbe ọdịda nke usoro ihe omume B. Wilson "14 ihe".

3. The mgbanwe nke US European ụgwọ na-ekwu na isi nbinye. N'ụzọ doro anya ogo na nduzi nke mba ndị ọzọ si United States gosiri na atụmatụ Dawes na Young.

4. The oruru nke League of Nations ke 1919, nke bụ ngwá ọrụ dị irè na-akwado Versailles-Washington usoro. Ya founders chua ọdịmma mba na mba na ibe ya (United Alaeze na France na-agbalị ka e meere onwe ha a kasị ọnọdụ ụwa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị). Ke ofụri ofụri, League of Nations, e nweghị usoro nyochaa mmejuputa ya mkpebi.

5. Versailles usoro nke mba mmekọahụ bụ nke a zuru ụwa ọnụ na okike.

Na nsogbu ọdịda ya

Na nsogbu nke Washington subsystem pụta ama ke 20s, na e mere site eme ihe ike ike iwu nke Japan kwupụta China. Ná mmalite 30-ies ya e biri Manchuria, nke e kere site State popet. The League of Nations ikpe Japan si mbuso agha, na na bịara na nke a nzukọ.

Na nsogbu nke Versailles usoro eburuwo ụzọ kpebie ike nke Italy na Germany, ndị ọchịchị nke na-fascists, ndị Nazi bịara. Development nke usoro nke mba mmekọahụ na 30s gosiri na nche usoro wuru gburugburu League of Nations, bụ kpam kpam adighi ike.

Specific mmetụta nke nsogbu ghọrọ ndị Anschluss nke Austria na March 1938 na Munich Agreement na September nke otu afọ. Ebe ọ bụ na oge malite a ihe mkpalite ida nke usoro. 1939 gosiri na appeasement iwu bụ kpam kpam adighi ike.

Versailles-Washington usoro nke mba mmekọahụ, nke nwere ọtụtụ-adịghị emezi emezi ma na-kpam kpam na-ejighị n'aka, osụhọ ji ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.

The usoro nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti na-ekwu, na nkera nke abụọ nke XX narị afọ

Ntọala nke a n'ụwa ọhụrụ iji mgbe agha 1939-1945 e mepụtara na Yalta na Potsdam nzukọ. The nzuko were ndị ndú nke mgbochi Hitler mmekota mba: Stalin, Churchill na Roosevelt (nke e mesịrị Truman).
Ke ofụri ofụri, Yalta-Potsdam usoro nke mba mmekọahụ ji bipolarity, dị ka ndị na-eduga na ọnọdụ nwere US na USSR. Nke a kpatara nguzobe nke ụfọdụ emmepe nke ike nke kasị enwe mmetụta ọdịdị nke mba usoro.

The Yalta Conference

Sonyere nke Yalta Conference, isi ebumnuche bụ ibibi German agha na e kere eke nke di udo, dị ka mkparịta ụka na-enwe na ọnọdụ nke agha. Mgbe a na nzuko guzobere ọhụrụ ala nke USSR (na Curzon akara) na Poland. E nwere nakwa na e ekesa mpaghara nke na-arụ na Germany, n'etiti-ekwu, nke mgbochi Hitler mmekota. Nke a mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na obodo a nwere maka 45 afọ ẹkewetde nke abụọ n'akụkụ - West na East Germany. Ke adianade do, e nwere nkewa nke ngalaba nke mmetụta na Balkan mpaghara. Greece bịara n'okpuru akara nke England, ọchịchị Kọmunist I. B. Tito e guzobere Yugoslavia.

The Potsdam Conference

Mgbe a na nzuko, e kpebiri na demilitarization na decentralization nke Germany. Domestic na mba ọzọ amụma n'okpuru akara nke Board, esịnede ndị ọchịagha nke anọ na-ekwu-mmeri na agha. Potsdam usoro nke mba mmekọahụ dabeere ọhụrụ ụkpụrụ nke imekọ ihe ọnụ dị n'etiti European na-ekwu. Council nke Ozi nke Ọzọ Affairs e guzobere. The isi pụta nke nzuko bụ gwa kwenye nke Japan.

The ụkpụrụ na atụmatụ nke usoro ihe ọhụrụ

1. bipolarity n'ụdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ideological esemokwu n'etiti "free ụwa" edu United States na socialist mba.

2. olu. Ịhazi mmegide nke-eduga ná mba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba, agha na ndị ọzọ ubi. Nke a see wee a isi n'oge Agha Nzuzo.

3. The Yalta usoro nke mba mmekọahụ enweghị a kpọmkwem ndabere iwu kwadoro.

4. New Order e guzobere oge nke proliferation nke ngwá agha nuklia. Nke a kpatara nguzobe nke a nche usoro. E a echiche nke nuclear deterrence dabeere na egwu a ọhụrụ agha.

5. The e kere eke nke UN, na nke e kpebiri ikpe ahụ dabeere na niile Yalta-Potsdam usoro nke mba mmekọahụ. Ma na post-agha oge ahụ, nzukọ dị na mgbochi nke agha n'etiti United States na Soviet Union na ndị zuru ụwa ọnụ na mpaghara etoju.

Nchoputa

N'oge a, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị na usoro nke mba mmekọahụ. The Westphalian usoro kacha oru oma na viable. Ụdi usoro ndị olu, nke na-akọwa ha dị ngwa ire ere. The oge a usoro nke mba mmekọahụ dabeere na ụkpụrụ nke itule ike, nke bụ n'ihi na onye nche ọdịmma nke niile na-ekwu.