Ụdị carbohydrates, ha Njirimara na ọrụ

N'ihi na anyị ahu carbohydrates bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ike isi mmalite. Taa, anyị na-ele ndị na ụdị na- carbohydrate ọrụ, nakwa dị ka ịhụ ihe ha nri.

Gịnị mere otu nwoke chọrọ carbohydrates?

Tupu anyị na-atụle ụdị nke carbohydrates, ịghọta na ha ọrụ. Na ụmụ mmadụ, e nwere mgbe a ọkọnọ nke carbohydrate n'ụdị glycogen. Ọ bụ banyere 0,5 n'arọ. 2/3 nke a umi bụ na muscle anụ ahụ, na ọzọ nke atọ - na imeju. Na n'etiti nri igbari glycogen n'ime glucose, si otú offsetting fluctuations na ọbara sugar.

Enweghị oriri nke carbohydrates glycogen agwụ mgbe 12-18 awa. Ọ bụrụ na nke a emee, carbohydrates na-amalite na-etolite si n'etiti ngwaahịa nke protein metabolism. Ndị bekee ndị dị oké mkpa ka mmadụ, dị ka ha na-tumadi ruru ka ọxịdashọn nke glucose, na-etolite na anụ ahụ nke anyị ike.

ụkọ

Na ụkọ carbohydrates ọkọnọ nke imeju glycogen na-depleted, na ya na mkpụrụ ndụ na-amalite na osụhọde abụba. Nke a na-eduga ná mbelata nke imeju na-na ndị mebiri nke ya ọrụ. Mgbe mmadụ na-erepịakwa ihe oriri na ezughi oke ichekwa carbohydrates, ya na akụkụ na anụ ahụ na-amalite iji ike maka njikọ nke bụghị naanị protein ma abụba. Ọkpụrụkpụ abụba mmebi na-eduga ná emeghasịkwa nke metabolic n'ibu. Ihe kpatara na - na accelerated guzobere ketones (kasị ama nke ha - acetone) na ha ìgwè ke idem. Mgbe ketones na-emepụta na ngafe, esịtidem gburugburu ebe obibi "na-aghọ acidic," ahụ, na ụbụrụ anụ ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amalite ọjọọ.

ngafe

Nakwa dị ka mpe, ngafe carbohydrates anaghị ekwe nkwa uru nke ahu. Ọ bụrụ na a onye na-ewe nri ọtụtụ carbohydrates, ọbara etoju nke insulin na glucose ụba. Ihe kpụrụ ahu abụba. Na nke a emee dị ka ndị a. Mgbe mmadụ na mgbe nri ụtụtụ ụbọchị nile adịghị eri, na na mgbede, na-abịa site ọrụ, kpebie na-eri nri ehihie, ehihie nri na nri abalị n'otu oge, ahụ na-agba mbọ na-alụ ọgụ ngafe carbohydrates. Na e nwere onye na-abawanye na ọbara sugar etoju. Iji glucose n'ebe ọbara ebe n'ime anụ ahụ na mkpụrụ ndụ mkpa insulin. Ọ, n'aka nke ya, na-na-n'ime ọbara, na-enye ihe ike njikọ nke abụba.

E wezụga insulin mezie carbohydrate mgbanwe na ndị ọzọ homonụ. Glucocorticoids - adrenocortical homonụ na-akpali njikọ nke glucose si amino asịd ke imeju. Otu usoro na-enwekwukwa site hormone glucagon. Function glucocorticoids na glucagon bụ na ncherita-insulin.

norm

Dị ka norms, carbohydrates ga-eme ka elu 50-60% nke calorie oriri. Wezuga ha si nri agaghị ekwe omume, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ha bụ ndị nwere obere "ikpe" ke kpụworo extra kilos.

Carbohydrates: ụdị, Njirimara,

Dị ka ha na chemical Ọdịdị, carbohydrates na-ekewa n'ime mfe ma dikwa mgbagwojuanya. The mbụ gụnyere mono- na di-saccharides, na nke abụọ - polysaccharides. Ka anyị tụlee klas abụọ nke bekee ọzọ.

mfe carbohydrates

Glucose. Anyị na-amalite tụlee iche iche nke dị mfe carbohydrates na ihe ndị kasị mkpa nke ha. Glucose-eme dị ka a bughi unit nke isi nke ukwu nke poly- na disaccharides. Mgbe metabolism ọ gbariri monosaccharides ụmụ irighiri. Ha, n'aka, n'oge mmeghachi omume, na-converted n'ime a mgbagwoju umi, ọxịdashọn na mmiri na carbon dioxide, nke bụ ihe nkwali maka mkpụrụ ndụ.

Glucose bụ ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa na carbohydrate metabolism. Mgbe ọbara ya larịị tụlee, ma ọ bụ a akwa ịta na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke ahu (dị ka na ihe banyere ọrịa shuga), onye na-ele na-ero ụra na ike hapụ nsụhọ (hypoglycemic amaghị onwe).

Pure glucose (dị ka monosaccharide) a dị na a nnukwu ego nke akwụkwọ nri na mkpụrụ osisi. Karịsịa a umi ọgaranya mkpụrụ dị otú ahụ:

• Mkpụrụ vaịn - 7.8%;
• cherị - 5.5%;
• raspberries - 3.9%;
• strawberries - 2,7%;
• anyụ na igbapu - 2.5%.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị na akwụkwọ nri na ndị ọgaranya na glucose nwere ike kwuru, sị: ugu, kabeeji na carrots. Ha na-ebu banyere 2.5% nke a akụrụngwa.

Fructose. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpụrụ carbohydrates. Ọ, n'adịghị glucose, nwere ike iru n'ebe ọbara n'ime anụ ahụ na-enweghị insulin. Ya mere, fructose a na-ewere ndị kasị mma isi iyi nke carbohydrates n'ihi na ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa shuga. Part ka imeju ebe ọ na-converted n'ime glucose - a eluigwe na ala "mmanụ ụgbọala". Ndị dị otú ahụ pụkwara mma ọbara sugar etoju, ma ọ bụghị dị ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ dị mfe carbohydrates. Fructose atụgharịa abụba n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa glucose. Ma, ya isi uru idu ke eziokwu na ọ dị ụtọ karịa glucose na sucrose na 2.5 na 1.7 ugboro, karị. Ya mere, carbohydrate na-eji kama sugar iji belata calorie oriri.

Ọtụtụ n'ime fructose hụrụ na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, ya bụ:

• mkpụrụ vaịn - 7.7%;
• apụl - 5.5%;
• pears - 5.2%;
• Cherị - 4.5%;
• wọtamelọn - 4.3%;
• black currants - 4.2%;
• raspberries - 3.9%;
• strawberries - 2.4%;
• egusi - 2.0%.

The akwụkwọ nri nwere obere fructose. Ọtụtụ n'ime ya nwere ike dị na kabeeji. Ọzọkwa, fructose bụ ugbu a na mmanụ aṅụ - banyere 3.7%. Ọ maara na ọ na-adịghị eme ka ezé ure.

Galactose. Ịtụle ụdị nke carbohydrates, anyị na-ama maara na ụfọdụ mfe bekee nwere ike dị na ngwaahịa na a free ụdị. Galactose bụghị. Ọ Nleta a disaccharide nwere glucose, nke a na-akpọ lactose (mmiri ara ehi sugar aka) - isi carbohydrate nke mmiri ara ehi na ngwaahịa ewepụtara na ya.

Na eriri afọ tract lactose site enzyme lactase na-rapara n'ime glucose na galactose. N'ihi na ụfọdụ ndị, e nwere otu ekweghị ibe nọrọ nke mmiri ara ehi ndị a na-enweghị lactase ke idem. The uncleaved ụdị lactose bụ ezigbo nri maka nsia microflora. Na mmiri ara ehi na ngwaahịa ọdụm òkè nke umi na-fermented na lactic acid. N'ihi na nke a ndị na-hụrụ lactase erughi nwere ike rie mmiri ara ehi ngwaahịa enweghị wetara ya pụta. Ke adianade do, ha nwere a lactic acid nje bacteria, nke inhibit ọrụ nke nsia microflora na agbanwe mmetụta nke ihe nke lactose.

Galactose, nke pụtara n'oge e guzobere lactose ire ere na imeju na-converted n'ime glucose. Ọ bụrụ na a enweghị ihe enzyme na bụ maka na usoro, o nwere ike ịzụlite a ọrịa dị ka galactosemia. Na mmiri ara ehi dị 4.7% lactose na afụkọ - 1.8-2.8% ke ude - 2.6-3.1% na yogot - 3,8-5,1% na yogot - banyere 3%.

Sucrose. Na okwu a, anyị na-atụle a mfe imecha ụdị carbohydrates. Sucrose - bụ a disaccharide esịnede glucose na fructose. The sugar ẹdude 99,5% sucrose. Sugar na-ngwa ngwa agbajikwa ala site na eriri afọ tract. Glucose fructose etinye obi gị dum n'ime ọbara mmadụ, ọ bụghị naanị na a isi iyi nke ike, ma ihe ndị kasị mkpa precursor nke glycogen na abụba. Ebe ọ bụ na sugar bụ a carbohydrate na a dị ọcha ụdị nwere dịghị nri ọtụtụ ndị dị ka isi iyi nke "efu calories."

Beetroot - ogaranya ngwaahịa nke sucrose (8.6%). Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ osisi mkpụrụ osisi ga-dịpụrụ adịpụ peach - 6%, egusi - 5.9%, piom - 4.8%, tanjerịn - 4.5%, karọt - 3.5%. Na ndị ọzọ na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri sucrose content àmà 0.4-0.7% na aisles.

A okwu ole na ole a ga-we nke maltose. Nke a carbohydrate mejupụtara abụọ glucose ụmụ irighiri. Maltose (malt sugar) dị na mmanụ aṅụ, molasses, confectionery, malt na biya.

mgbagwoju carbohydrates

Anyị tụlee iche iche nke mgbagwoju carbohydrates. All ndị na-akpọ polysaccharides na na-dị na mmadụ na-eri. Na obere wezụga, n'etiti ha i nwere ike izute glucose Polymers.

Starch. Nke a bụ isi carbohydrate digestible mmadụ. Ọ akụkọ ihe 80% nke ingested carbohydrates. Starch a hụrụ na poteto na cereal ngwaahịa, ya bụ groats, ntụ ọka, achịcha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe a nwere ike dị na osikapa - 70%, na buckwheat - 60%. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị nta ọka starch ọdịnaya a hụrụ na oatmeal - 49%. The pasta nwere ruo 68% nke carbohydrate. The achịcha ọka wit starch 30-50%, na na rye - 33-49%. Nke a carbohydrate na-hụrụ na legumes - 40-44%. Poteto nwere ruo 18% starch, Otú ọ dị ya na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ nutritionists ghara vegetables, na site starchy ngwaahịa dị ka ọka ndị legumes.

Inulin. Nke a polysaccharide bụ a polima nke fructose dị na Jerusalem atịchok na a nta ruo n'ókè na osisi ndị ọzọ. Ngwaahịa nwere inulin, na-kenyere maka ọrịa shuga na ya mgbochi.

Glycogen. Ọ bụ mgbe a na-akpọ "anụ starch". Ọ mejupụtara branched glucose ụmụ irighiri, na hụrụ na anụmanụ ngwaahịa, ya bụ imeju - ruo 10% anụ na - ruo 1%.

ọgwụgwụ

Taa anyị na-enyocha isi ụdị nke carbohydrates, na maara ihe na ọrụ ha na-arụ. Ugbu a, anyị obibia oriri na-edozi ga-abụ ihe bara uru. A nkenke nchịkọta nke n'elu:

• Carbohydrates - otu ihe dị mkpa isi iyi nke ike maka ụmụ mmadụ.
• Ha ngafe bụ dị ka ihe ọjọọ dị ka gwụsịrị.
• Ụdị carbohydrates: mfe ma dikwa mgbagwojuanya.
• Site na nanị na-agụnye mono- na di-saccharides, na mgbagwoju - polysaccharides.