Venezuela aku na uba: nnyocha na mmepe

Venezuela - otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu na-ekwu na South America Afrika. Ọ mejupụtara ọtụtụ agwaetiti na Caribbean Sea, ndị kasị ibu nke a na-akpọ Margarita. Country ebe nke 916 sq. M. km ókè na Brazil na Colombia. Ná mmalite nke 2017 ndị bi na ama sonso 31 nde mmadụ.

Dị ka akụkụ nke Federal Republic edu President Nicolas Maduro, 21 mkpara. Ndabere nke ndị bi na nke Venezuelans (ụmụ India na Spaniards) - 67% nke Europe - 21% of ojii - 10%.

Climate na eke ọnọdụ

The akụkụ bụ ndagwurugwu ebe a osimiri Orinoco. Si n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gbatia Caribbean Andes ugwu Cordillera de Mérida, n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Gvinskogo toro oké ogologo ala dị larịị.

The idụhe bụ ọkụ sub-Equatorial. Kasị nke afọ n'ebe ugwu nke mba na-ata ahụhụ site na oké ọkọchị, mgbe ke Central n'ógbè Ugboro ezo kara aka.

Ahịhịa cover bụ ọgaranya na iche iche: mangroves, xerophytic, succulent woodlands, akọrọ Savannah ogologo, deciduous ebe okpomọkụ oké ọhịa, Gilea etc ...

Mmepe nke Venezuelan aku na uba

Mmadụ ole na ole maara na ndị kọwara mba Latin America - mbụ mmanụ ekspootu. Na XVI na narị afọ mbụ gbọmgbọm nke nwa gold ka gafere ọkara ụwa na ụzọ Madrid. Na na Asaa-XVIII narị afọ, isi bupu ihe ndị indigo na sugar, a obere ka e mesịrị - koko na kọfị. Na 1922, nso Lake Maracaibo Cabimas n'ime obodo nke otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu mmanụ ubi a hụrụ, nke bụ mmalite nke mmanụ ọganihu ma mee mgbanwe na Venezuelan aku na uba.

Location ubi n'ebe dị nso n'ebe oké osimiri, ala n'obibi ndụ (cheap ọrụ) na elu nwere olulu mmiri kpasue ifịk mmasị ke mmanụ ụlọ ọrụ. N'oge afọ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ a hụrụ na-etinye n'ime ọrụ ọhụrụ ubi, a afọ ole na ole gachara, ha rutere a ngụkọta nke ebe 68 puku sq. M. km.

Na ala esịmde nke Orinoco River kasị ukwuu ígwè ore ego e chọpụtara, mmepe nke nke e ozugbo intercepted site US monopolies. Dị ka nke 1970 olu nke mba ọzọ investments na aku na uba nke Venezuela mmepe bụ $ 5.5 ijeri. 11% of kwuru nchikota ekesịpde US.

Si 1975-1980 ọ. State nwere a na-eduga ọnọdụ na mmepe na Latin America. Ifịk ifịk malitere akụrụngwa.

Mkpa n'ụzọ na-eduga onwe na mba ọbụbụeze bụ nationalization nke mmanụ na ígwè ore ụlọ ọrụ. Ntọala Venezuelan aku na uba na-now na-agha ụgha juru na steeti akara. Na ọtụtụ ọrụ, ndị mba ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a kpọrọ edo 80% eto na mba ụmụ amaala ruo afọ atọ.

Import na Export

Ọkachamara na-ekwu na 50% nke Venezuela aku na uba - ọ bụ ndị mba ọzọ na ahia. The ọdụm òkè nke sales gua mmanụ na yiri ngwaahịa, ígwè ore ina. Ná ndepụta n'ihi na mbupụ - kọfị, koko, Asbestos, gold, sugar, unere, osikapa, akpụkpọ, ehi, oké ọhịa.

Ibu ụzọ bubata - elu-tech ngwá, ugbo ala na mmiri na ngwaọrụ mmanụ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ngwaahịa nke general oriri. ọnụ nri na bubata Kwa afọ, t. Iji. Agriculture bụ na iju na-enweghị ike izute mkpa nke ndị bi na. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eri nke ịzụrụ gua nke United States - karịa 3.5 ijeri dollar kwa afọ.

extractive ụlọ ọrụ

Isi na ngwaahịa nke Ngwuputa ụlọ ọrụ - ígwè ore. The isi ubi El Pao, San Ysidro na Cerro Bolivar mmanu ndi mere onwe amịpụtara emeghe ụzọ na nwere ruo 70% ígwè. Kwa Afọ ya mmepụta bụ 15-17 nde tọn, 90% nke na-exported na America na Europe.

Ke ebe Upaty (Guiana Highlands) mined manganese ore. The Caribbean Andes obere nickel mmịpụta a rụrụ, idu ndú, zinc, Asbestos, silver. Na a suburban ebe San Cristobal mepụtara phosphorite ore.

Gold Ngwuputa mụụrụ El Callao. Ebe a na-arụsi ọrụ inweta ọkụ diamond mmepụta (700-800 puku carats kwa afọ). Na Kuchivero efere chọpụtara a nnukwu ego nke gemstone na diamond esonyere a fever. N'ihi na ọtụtụ afọ Venezuela nwere ndị kasị ibu diamond soplaya ọnọdụ n'etiti Latin American mba.

n'ichepụta

Dị ka ozi izugbe na Venezuelan aku na uba ruo 2013. mmanụ, chemical na igwe-ụlọ ọrụ ya na-emepe emepe n'ike n'ike. O sina dị, ihe karịrị 50% nke oké uru nke ngwaahịa na-enye akwa, nri, osisi, na akpụkpọ anụ na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ụlọ ọrụ.

Development nke kasị ígwè ore ego nyere ihe kwalite mmepe nke Metallurgical ụlọ ọrụ. Nke dị n'ókèala ọtụtụ osisi na a zuru ezu okirikiri na domain electric ite-ọku uku, aluminum osisi, na na na. D.

mmepụta

Na obi nke mmepe nke n'ibu injinịa nke ụgbọ ala nzukọ ụlọ ọrụ. Venezuela aku na uba nwere ike nkenke kọwara dị ka na-anata support osisi n'ihi na mmepụta nke ngwá maka ugbo, traktọ, ewu na ngwá, ngwá ọrụ na na na. D. emepe ụlọ ọrụ ndị na imewe nke telivishọn na redio ngwá. A isi ewu ewu na Ngwuputa, mmanụ na n'ichepụta ọrụ akpali ndị e kere eke nke ulo oru na saịtị n'ihi na mmepụta nke ụlọ ihe.

anụ ụlọ

Ozuzu ehi site 55% na-akọwa uru nke ugbo mmepụta. The ugbo na-lekwasị ke Llanos.

Mmiri ara ehi ugbo ebe - ndagwurugwu Caracas, efere nke Valencia na Maracaibo. Na ebe ndị a nnụnụ na-anakọta na-enye obodo na àkwá na anụ. Kpọrọ nkụ Caribbean Coast (State of Lara), ama maka kasị ewu na atụrụ ugbo. N'ime afọ 15 gara aga, akporo nke anụ ụlọ budata ọma tụnyere ihe ubi. Mụbara uka nta nke nnukwu ugbo na-eji oge a na ụzọ nke cultivation na ụmụ anụmanụ na-elekọta.

Fisheries mmepe na ugwu nke obodo (n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Venezuela, Maracaibo ọdọ). Nti mmetụta na Venezuelan aku na uba taa nwere tiger oporo - kasị jiri kpọrọ na-asọpụrụ gourmets ngwaahịa.

Forest crafts na-adịghị nyere ukwuu mkpa. Workpiece tannins, vanilla, guayabovoy resin na roba eji perfumery na pharmacology, rụrụ na ntakiri ichekwa.

akuku

The ala nwere a ndekọ maka Latin America ọnụ ọgụgụ nke arable ala. Hazie naanị a atọ nke ha. Dị ka na-adịbeghị anya na-akọ na Venezuelan aku na uba akuku a na-ewere ndị kasị backward oru.

45% of uru nke ugbo ngwaahịa na-enye ọrụ ugbo. 2/3 nke arable ala na-lekwasị dị n'ebe ugwu. Na Llanos akuku development n'akụkụ osimiri na na ụkwụ nke Andes. The nsogbu ebe - oké ọkọchị. Iji dozie nsogbu, na Government azụlitewo a plan na nguzobe nke mmiri management maka afọ 30 sochirinụ na-ewu ụlọ nke dams na mmiri usoro nzukọ 2 nde hectare ala.

Ise nke uwa ji site na isi mbupụ ubi - koko na kọfị. Raw ihe ísì-enye ume ọhụrụ onunu na-etolite ugwu ugwu na-ekwu, nke ugwu-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Raw ihe onwunwe n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị chocolate na ụwa a na-aga na-ekwu, nke Caribbean. Na Llanos owu ubi toro ke akpatre 8-10 afọ, ụtaba na sisal.

iga

Na ókèala nke Venezuela pụtara nke nkwurịta okwu na-ekesa n'ụzọ na-ekwekọghị. The kacha ịta nke okporo ụzọ na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè - na n'ebe ugwu. Nke ikpeazụ bụ obere, unconnected akara ogologo nke 1.4 puku. Km. Njem na ¾ ibu site n'okporo ụzọ.

Orinoco River - isi esịtidem waterway, mbupu okporo ụzọ na-nọgidere na-enwe na ọdọ mmiri Maracaibo na Valencia. The enweghị na ogbenye mma nke ala Railways ụgwọ atụrụ cabotage site n'oké osimiri. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oké osimiri ahịa nsoro bụ onye nke atọ ndú South America. N'ihi na mbupụ nke crude mmanụ na yiri ngwaahịa na-onwem na 23 ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, iji mbupụ na mbubata ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa - ọbụna 8.

Of otu dị mkpa maka aku na uba nke Venezuela nwere ikuku njikọ remote ndịda nakwa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na mpaghara. Ịgachi ụgbọ elu jikọọ na isi obodo na isi obodo, mmanụ ubi na Ngwuputa emmepe.

aku nsogbu

2013th ghọrọ egbu afọ maka Venezuelan aku na uba. Nsogbu ahụ metụtara ihe nile na ngalaba nke ọha ndụ. Site ndabara zoputara nani nnukwu ego maka isi mbupụ nnweta - mmanụ. Tupu afọ a, tupu biakwa obibia nke Maduro mba ọha ụgwọ dịrị 70% nke GDP mgbe mmefu ego mpe nke 14%. Ná ngwụsị nke 2013th onu oriri bụ 56,3%. Ke idaha emi, nzuko omeiwu nyere ọhụrụ president nke mberede ike. Iji mete ọtụtụ nde Ntuli, na guarantor ka a mara ọkwa akụ na ụba na-akpasu iwe, nke ẹkenam a ịgba na uru nke onwe ụlọ ọrụ 30%. Na mba na e nwere nnukwu ụkọ mkpa onu ahia - sugar, butter, akwụkwọ mposi. Government ọchịchị ji otu olu kwuru na ihe mere ndị ida nke Venezuelan aku na uba nke nrụrụ aka, na ntule na sabotaji na-aga n'ihu ego agha megide ala. Maduro butere a mmemme ibuso ntule. Mgbe otu ọnwa nke ọhụrụ trading ọrụ Daka netwọk e nationalized. Na nguzobe nke n'akụkụ peeji na ngwaahịa na 100% kama nke ime 30% nke ihe onwunwe na management nke Ahịa e jidere.

2015: ọdịda ke mmanụ ahịa

Na 2014, ndị Venezuela na aku na uba, nke e ọma kwagara n'akụkụ nke nsogbu, kwara ọzọ otiti. World mmanụ ahịa nwere sharply jụrụ. Tụnyere afọ gara aga, ego site nwa gold ebupụ ebelata site 1/3. Ná mgbalị iji belata mmefu ego mpe nke akụ etiti Okwu ogologo ego, dapụtara na onu oriri nke 150% (ukara data dị ka nke September 2015). Inweta ọzọ mgbalị iji kwụsị onu oriri, ndị ọchịchị na-emepe emepe a mgbagwoju usoro nke mba ọzọ mgbanwe. Ugbua a izu ka e mesịrị ukara dollar ọnụego mgbanwe karịa ahịa karịa 100 ugboro. Ịgbaso echiche zuru Chavismo, na nzuko omeiwu na-aga site na president ejedebeghị nri ahịa karịa kwadoro ngụkọta mpe nke oké mkpa commodities.

2016: ọnọdụ na-na-aka njọ

Na January, ekpe Socialist Luis Salas họpụtara gaba Ozi nke Economy. Ka dakọtara ndị ọzọ so ndutịm ngwa Maduro ukara na-ahụ ihe mere nsogbu nke Venezuela aku na uba na ibé, na Europe ego agha megide obodo ya.

Dị ka IMF atụmatụ, na 2016 ndị GDP ọdịda na-eru nso 20%, ịrị elu na-enweghị ọrụ - 25%, na mmefu ego mpe bụ 18% of GDP. Onu oriri nke 550% na ngụkọta mpụga ụgwọ ihe karịrị $ 130 ijeri kwa ụbọchị pushing Venezuelan aku na uba na an-kpọ.

Zuru ego àgwà kacha - 100 bolivars uru 17 US cents. Hyperinflation negates ndị ịzụta ike nke ụmụ amaala. Dị ka obodo Center maka Documentation na Analysis (Cendas) isi nri nkata maka ezinụlọ bụ uru ugboro asatọ kacha nta ụgwọ.

Naa: akpata nsogbu

Isi ihe na-akpasu aku destabilization, bụ bughi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ntọala, karịsịa, na nduzi na bubata, nkọ dobe na ụwa mmanụ ahịa, na ngụkọta ala-achịkwa ahụ rụpụta na nkesa nri ngwaahịa.

N'ihi na-akawanye njọ ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na Venezuela na n'oge 2017 na ịjụ President Maduro jide a referendum na mmegharị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị N'ezie nke ala-abụrịrị uka ngagharị iwe na isi obodo. More karịa a nde ụmụ amaala ghara inwe afọ ojuju na-eme ndị ọchịchị were ogbe ndịda n'okporo ámá na chọrọ nke na-echekwa na-ewetara oké mkpa ibu - ntụ ọka, àkwá, na mmiri ara ehi na ọgwụ.

The mmegide ebubo na incumbent isi nke ala ná nchụso nke mgbochi na-elekọta mmadụ iwu nke akaike Ugo Chavesa, nke mere ka a miri emi nsogbu na enwe nnukwu mbelata na mmanụ ahịa. N'aka nke ya, Nicolas Maduro ka ebubo mba oké ozu na boycott nke aku na uba iji nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ha rụrụ arụ na-eme.