Gas opitoropi: na itinye usoro

The n'ịgbanahụ gas site na ala nke ọdọ - ala opitoropi gas odorous (ihe ọnyà aha - methane). Site na nkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na ọ iche-iche, hydrogenous ma ọ bụ methyl. N'ihi na ọtụtụ akụkụ mejupụtara methane (Kra _4). Ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ ugbu a, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, phosphine na carbon dioxide.

Key atụmatụ

Standard mejupụtara, chemical usoro ala opitoropi gas - niile a doro anya na-egosi na ọ bụ nke mfe carbon ogige. Around a mmewere na-grouped fọdụrụ mmiri. Marsh gas emee ndammana na free na steeti dị ka a ngwakọta na carbon dioxide ma ọ bụ nitrogen. Ọ na-adị n'ihi na decomposition nke organic bekee. Dị ka a na-achị, ọ na-tọrọ atọ n'okpuru mmiri na-efunahụ nke ohere ikuku osisi.

Egwupụta coal - ebe ọzọ ebe kpụrụ combustible ala opitoropi gas. Ọ accumulates n'etiti nkume mgbe decomposition nke organic residues. Nke a na-facilitated site ọtụtụ voids. Ndị dị otú ahụ, haruru na-wetara mgbe a ukem ini ịda onu.

ebe agụmakwụkwọ

N'agbanyeghị ya pụtara doro nnọọ anya aha, ala opitoropi gas (ma ọ bụ kama, methane) guzo ọbụna site n'ụwa cracks nso mmanụ ubi. The mbụ dị otú ahụ ikpe e kọrọ na United States of America, na bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Allegheny River, nakwa dị ka na Russia na Caspian mpaghara. Na Baku, n'ihi nke a, n'ihi na a ogologo oge e a akụkọ banyere ihe omimi ọkụ na Baku. Natural phenomena e weere na carbon dioxide, nitrogen na mmanụ vapors ala opitoropi gas.

Na mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ technology, mmadụ mụtara egweri hapụ methane. The mbụ dị otú ahụ factory pụtara na Pennsylvania. Marsh gas e ji na na na-kpụrụ nọgidere, ọ nwere ike achọpụtara na bụla apiti ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri. Ọtụtụ mgbe, n'ihi na nke a bụ nnọọ mfe aka rapara sludge. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị gas egosipụta ise n'elu na mmiri n'elu.

Ndabere ala opitoropi gas

Formation nke a isi akụrụngwa nke eke gas (methane) enyemaka bacteria. N'ihi na nke ha, ọ na-amalite gbaa ụka nke osisi eriri, so na ọdịdị methane. Ndị kasị dị ọcha methane na-kweere na-ji mara ndị na apịtị agbọpụta ọkụ na Absheron na Kerch Peninsula.

Ke adianade do, ọ na-ebilite na nnu ego, isi iyi na fumaroles - oghere na cracks, nke na-emi odude na ụkwụ nke agbọpụta ọkụ. Methane bụ ugbu a na ụmụ mmadụ gootu. Ya na ngwaahịa na-agụnye ume e kupụrụ ekupụ nke ụfọdụ ụmụ anụmanụ. Otu n'ime ihe mbụ e dere na-egosi banyere ihe a nwere ike ga-atụle ọrụ nke ochie dere Pliny kwuru gaseous combustible ogige.

explosiveness

Ọtụtụ n'ime ala opitoropi gas na-mara site na ya onwe ya na-ebibi Njirimara. Mgbe mgbanye bụ na a ngwakọta na ikuku, ọ na-akpata ihe mgbawa. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ Njirimara nke methane. The mgbawa nke ala opitoropi gas na yiri ogige ka ogologo ụjọ na ndị mmadụ, na-akọwa ihe na-eme nkwenkwe ụgha. Ihe mere maka anomaly bịara doo anya naanị mgbe a na nkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ ihe a onu.

Marsh gas, methane na ndị ọzọ na-agbawa agbawa compound kpaliri ndị mmadụ dịrị Davy Oriọna. Ọ na-eji ma na marshes na na na-egwupụta coal. Na nke a oriọna combustion ngwaahịa na-ewepụ site a pụrụ iche okporo site na nke ewepu-ekwe omume nke mgbanye nke combustible gas ngwakọta.

History of chọpụtara

Great onyinye ọmụmụ nke ala opitoropi gas (methane), ẹkenam Italian ọkà mmụta sayensị Alessandro Volta. Na 1776, o gosiri na umi bụ dị iche iche si hydrogen, ebe ọ na-achọ ugboro abụọ ọzọ oxygen maka combustion. Ọzọkwa, ọ Volta kpebiri na ala opitoropi gas - a bụ isi iyi nke carbonic acid.

Italian methane hụrụ na ókè-ala nke Switzerland na Italy, na-esote Lake Maggiore. The n'ike mmụọ nsọ n'ihi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ otu isiokwu nke American ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Benjamin Franklin banyere onu nke "ikuku-manu". Volta mbụ natara methane obon gas enwupụta apiti.

Wee research

Ndị ọzọ dị mkpa eke onu-eme nnyocha French mmiri ọgwụ Klod Bertolle na British mmiri ọgwụ Uilyam Genri. Nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha na 1805 kpebisiri ike na mejupụtara nke ala opitoropi gas na ọ dị iche na ethylene (a na-akpọ gas maslorodnogo).

Ilu mgbawa umi zoro ya isi akụrụngwa - methane. Ọ a kọwara dị ka ìhè hydrocarbon gas (dị ka na-emegide arọ hydrocarbon nke ethylene gas). N'ime oge ọ biri ọzọ okwu - hydrogenous methyl. Henry wee na-amụ Dzhon Dalton na Jens Jakob Berzelius.

Na 1813, ndị English mmiri ọgwụ na geologist Gemfri Devi nyochaa firedamp na kwubiri na umi - a ngwakọta nke methane, carbon dioxide na nitrogen. N'ihi ya, ọ nọ na-egosi na a combustible ngwakọta na-wepụtara na mines, njirimara yiri ngwakọta na marshes.

The mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi

E ji mara ala opitoropi gas methane emee n'ihi ụfọdụ chemical Jeremaya mere. Nke mbụ bụ a akọrọ distillation nke organic okwu (dị ka peat ma ọ bụ osisi). Na ya dị ọcha methane na-akwadebe site decomposition tsinkmetila mmiri (otú emepụta zinc oxide). Taa, a na umi-adọta ọtụtụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na nke ndisịn idem ke kpụworo griin haus mmetụta. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ìgwè methane na ikuku. Marsh gas amịkọrọ thermal radieshon na infrared spektral mpaghara. Site na nke a oke na ọ bụ nke ọ bụ nanị dị ọcha carbon dioxide. Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi inwale onyinye nke methane na enwekwukwa griin haus mmetụta banyere 30%.

Properties, mejupụtara, chemical usoro ala opitoropi gas ugbu a na-amu na a na-amụ ya mmetụta na ikuku nke ụwa anyị. The eke nọmba, na-emepụta site na okike, ọ bụghị dị ize ndụ dị ka ihe na-akpata nke griin haus mmetụta. Otú ọ dị, nsogbu idu ke eziokwu na nnukwu ichekwa methane n'ime ikuku site na kpatara nke ndị onwe ha. Analogue ala opitoropi gas na-emepụta dị iche iche ụlọ mmepụta ihe. Nke a na-akpọ abiotic methane. Otu na-adị na marshes, atụle biogenic - na na-ịda dị ka a n'ihi nke mgbanwe nke organic okwu.

methanogenesis

Biosynthesis nke methane (na ya mere omume nke apiti gas) a na-akpọ methanogenesis. Nke a bụ ihe Archaea bacteria. Ha bụ aerobic, nke pụtara na ha nwere ike na-emepụta ike maka ndụ, na-enweghị mkpa ka oxygen. Archaea enweghị akpụkpọ ahụ organelles na ntọala.

Nje bacteria n'ịwa methane, Iweghachi onye-carbon compound site na carbon-carbon ogige ma alcohols. Ụzọ ọzọ - disproportionation acetate. Na site ike bụ gbanwee nje enzyme ATP synthase. Na methanogenesis aka a dịgasị iche iche nke ụmụ irighiri: coenzymes, methanofuran, tetragidrometanopterin etc ...

methanogens

Science maara 17 genera na 50 ụdị archaea ike nke na-amụba isi apiti gas. Ha na-etolite a oge ochie multicellular chịrị. The kasị mụọ site n'usoro dị ka archaea - Methanosarcina acetivorans. Ha na-ghọrọ ka acetates na methane , carbon monoxide, na iji enzymes atsetatkinazy na phosphotransacetylase. E nwekwara a nchepụta nke na ndị a archaea n'oge ochie nwere ike ghọọ a thioester, ọ bụrụhaala na na mgbe ahụ apịtị nwere a elu ịta nke ígwè sulfide.

Ihe kpatara nke oké ọhịa ọkụ

Na zuru ezu kasịnụ emission na ala opitoropi gas, vozgorevshis nwere ike ime ka isi eke peat na ọhịa ọkụ. Taa, e nwere a dị iche iche nke ọgụ dị otú ahụ phenomena. Special ọrụ omume nlekota nke gas kasị mmiri ebe. Ha na-ahụ maka igbochi na ịchịkwa nke quantitative oke nke mmiri a pụrụ ịdị ize ndụ gas.

Ka ihe atụ, otu n'ime ala mmiri na Moscow region bụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Shatursky ebe. Na mmiri ya bụ ọgaranya azụ (azu kaapu, perch, gobies, azu kaapu, Pike, azu kaapu), newts, frogs, agwọ, muskrats, nnụnụ (abà, bitterns, waders, ọbọgwụ). Ọkpụkpụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwere site. Ọ na-esichara site bacteria, mgbe ahụ, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ bekee. Nke a diphosphine na phosphine. Ha bụ ndị isi initiators nke ihe mkpalite nke n'amaghi combustion. Malitere n'ụzọ a ọkụ - bụ oké gburugburu ebe obibi nsogbu. Si ọkụ na-ere na marshes, ọ bụghị nanị ndị dị n'oké ọhịa ma peat bogs. Fire nwere ike igbasa miri n'ime ha. Dị otú ahụ peat nwere ike ire dum afọ.

Na Russia o nwere banyere ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụwa agaghị ebili. Ha na-ezute na center nke European akụkụ nke Russia, Western Siberia na Kamchatka. Ngụkọta nke ebe nke ala mmiri na Russia - banyere 340 nde hectare, 210 nke nke na-kpuchie na ohia. Na nke ka nke gas na-emepụta n'oge okpomọkụ. Na a oge nke a ụbọchị na mpaghara nke otu hectare ike maka banyere abụọ na ọkara kilogram nke methane.

Mmekọrịta oxygen na chlorine

Natural ala opitoropi gas, onye chemical usoro - Kra _4, o siri ike na-enwu ọkụ chanwụrụ luminous ire ọkụ. The ike n'ume na ọ na-ewe ke mgbanye na a ngwakọta nwere 7.8 mpịakọta nke ikuku na 2 olu nke oxygen. Gas ubé soluble na mmiri (n'adịghị mmanya). Ọ mkpatụ nanị na halogens.

Site na mmeghachi omume na chlorine gas forms ala opitoropi methyl chloride Kra ₃ cl. Nke a ihe onwunwe na-akwadebe site laabu ụzọ. N'ihi nke a, hydrochloride gas na-ebe n'ime a esi ngwọta nke mmanya na metilnogo wụrụ awụ zinc chloride. N'ihi bụ a colorless gas, nke e ji obi ụtọ ísì ether na a ụtọ uto. N'okpuru ike nrụgide ma ọ bụ obi jụrụ, ọ condenses n'ime a mmiri mmiri.

The ojiji na Jeremaya mere na halogens

Methane (ala opitoropi gas), nke usoro na iji dị ka fuels amụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ usoro ifịk ifịk interacts na halogens. N'ihi ya, ndị a bekee nnọchi Jeremaya mere na-emepụta na-esonụ ogige: bromide, chloride, Fluoride, chloride na Fluoride. Nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha e mbụ nwetara site Russian mmiri ọgwụ Aleksandrom Butlerovym. Methyl iodide - ike refracting ìhè acha mmiri mmiri. Ya esi okpomọkụ - 180 Celsius C.

Dị ka a na-akpọ ala opitoropi gas, n'ụzọ zuru ezu nnọchianya site halogens? Nke a carbon tetrachloride. Ọ e meghere site French mmiri ọgwụ Anri Reno na 1839. Ọ bụ a mmiri mmiri na a ji mara na-atọkwa ụtọ senti. Ọ nwere ihe mgbochi ụfụ mmetụta. Ọzọ yiri umi - carbon tetrabromide. Ọ na-amịpụtara si ntụ nke mmiri osisi.

Health mbibi

Site n'onwe ya, ndị mmiri na-adọ methane bụ physiologically-adịghị njọ. Ọ bụ nke na-abụghị egbu egbu paraffin hydrocarbons. Otu a nke bekee e ji chemical inertness na ala solubility ọbara plasma. Ikuku na a elu ịta nke ala opitoropi gas nwere ike igbu naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-enweta a enweghị oxygen.

Mbụ ịrịba ama nke ekochi ekochi (asphyxia) puta ìhè na a ọdịnaya nke 30% methane. Na nke a, na-amụba olu nke respiration, obi ọnụego quickens, nsogbu nchikota nke muscle mmegharị. Ma gbasara nke puru omume dị otú ahụ ikpe dị nnọọ obere. The eziokwu na methane bụ Mkpa ọkụ ka ikuku, nke na-adịghị ekwe ya imubanye na oké n'ike-n'ike.

N'otu oge ahụ, na-eme nnyocha-ele ihe nke apiti gas na mmadụ psyche ka ihe nke diethyl ether. A mmetụta yiri nwere ike-apụta na a narcotic. Na ụmụ mmadụ, ogologo oge na-arụ ọrụ na-egwupụta na a elu ịta nke methane, kọrọ mgbanwe ndị na-autonomic ụjọ usoro (hypotension, mma oculocardiac mpiaji na na. D.).