Gịnị bụ carbon monoxide? molekụla Ọdịdị

carbon monoxide, makwaara dị ka carbon monoxide, nwere ike molekụla Ọdịdị, bụ inert na chemical Njirimara na bụ agụghị oké soluble n'ime mmiri. Nke a compound bụkwa nnọọ na-egbu egbu mgbe wepụtara n'ime akụkụ okuku ume na usoro na jikọọ na ọbara haemoglobin, na na na-akwụsị nyefe oxygen ka anụ ahụ na akụkụ.

Chemical aha na usoro

Carbon monoxide na-mara site na ndị ọzọ na aha, gụnyere carbon monoxide II. Na-adị kwa ụbọchị ndụ, ọ na-emekarị na-akpọ carbon monoxide. Nke a carbon monoxide bụ a-egbu egbu gas, colorless na keenweghiuto, odorless. Ya chemical usoro - CO, na uka nke a otu molekul bụ 28,01 g / mol.

Mmetụta na-ahụ

Carbon monoxide ejikọ na haemoglobin etolite carboxyhemoglobin nke na-adịghị oxygen ebu ikike. Inhalation nke vepo na-akpata CNS mmebi (Central ụjọ usoro), na ekochi ekochi. Ihe enweghị oxygen na-akpata isi ọwụwa, dizziness, ebelata obi ọnụego na akụkụ okuku ume na ọnụego, na-eduga amagh onwe na ụdi ọnwụ nke organism.

na-egbu egbu gas

Carbon monoxide na-emepụta site ele mmadụ anya n'ihu combustion nke bekee nwere carbon, dị ka esịtidem combustion engines. The compound 1 agụnye a carbon atọm covalently ewee otu oxygen atọm. Carbon monoxide bụ ukwuu na-egbu egbu, na ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị akpata nke na-egbu egbu na nsi na n'ụwa nile. Ikpughe pụrụ iduga obi mebiri na ndị ọzọ na akụkụ.

Gịnị bụ ojiji nke carbon monoxide?

N'agbanyeghị ya oké njọ toxicity, carbon monoxide bụ nnọọ bara uru - ekele nkà na ụzụ nke na ọ ike a dum nso nke dị mkpa na ngwaahịa. Carbon monoxide ọ bụ ezie na taa a na-ewere a contaminant mgbe nile na ọdịdị, ma ọ bụghị na ego dị otú ahụ dị ka ihe atụ, carbon dioxide.

Hiere ụzọ bụ ndị na-kweere na e nweghị ihe jikọrọ nke carbon monoxide ke uwa. CO etisasịwo ke wụrụ awụ mgbawa nkume na elu nrụgide na ụwa ákwà mgbokwasị. Ọdịnaya nke carbon oxides na mgbawa ugwu, haruru dịgasị iche n'ebe na-erughị 0.01% na 2%, dabere na ugwu mgbawa. Ebe ọ bụ na eke a compound abụghị a mgbe nile uru, n'ụzọ ziri ezi tụọ eke gas umu anwuru bụ ekwe omume.

chemical Njirimara

Carbon monoxide (CO usoro) na-akọ na nesoleobrazuyuschim ma ọ bụ na-enweghị mmasị oxides. Otú ọ dị, na okpomọkụ nke +200 ^o C ya mkpatụ na sodium hydroxide. N'oge a chemical usoro e guzobere sodium formate:

NaOH + CO = HCOONa (formic acid nnu).

Njirimara nke carbon monoxide dabere na ya resilience. Carbon monoxide:

• nwere ike meghachi omume na oxygen: 2CO + O ₂ = 2CO _2;
• ike iwe iwe na halogens: CO + cl ₂ = COCl ₂ (phosgene);
• Ọ nwere ihe pụrụ iche onwunwe okûnam ọcha ọla si ha oxides: Fe ₂ O ₃ + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO _2;
• akpụ metal carbonyls: Fe + 5CO = Fe (CO ) _5;
• zuru okè soluble na chloroform, acetic acid, ethanol, benzene na ammonium hydroxide.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ molekul

Abụọ atọm nke na, n'eziokwu, bụ a molekul nke carbon monoxide (CO), jikọrọ Mmaji nkekọ. Abụọ n'ime ha na-kpụrụ-asọkọta ọnụ p-electrons nke carbon atọm na oxygen, nke atọ - ekele pụrụ iche usoro ruru ka free carbon 2p orbital na 2p-elektrọn ụzọ abụọ nke oxygen. Nke a Ọdịdị na-enye a molekul nke elu ike.

A obere akụkọ ihe mere eme

Aristotle nke oge ochie Greece kọwara na-egbu egbu uzu oku emepụta site ere ọkụ coal. The nnọọ usoro nke ọnwụ na-amaghị. Otú ọ dị, otu n'ime oge ochie ụzọ nke ntaramahụhụ bụ kpochidoro megidere iwu na uzuoku ụlọ, ebe embers bu. The dibịa Gris Galen aro na na ikuku e nwere ndị ụfọdụ mgbanwe na-eme ka nsogbu ma ọ bụrụ na kuru.

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, gas ngwakọta na adịghị nke carbon monoxide, e ji mee ihe dị ka a mmanụ ụgbọala maka ugbo ala na ndị na-akụkụ nke ụwa, bụ ebe e nwere a ole na ole nke mmanụ ụgbọala na mmanụ dizel. mpụga (na ụfọdụ wezụga) generators unyi ma ọ bụ osisi gas e guzobere, ma a ngwakọta nke ikuku nitrogen, carbon monoxide, na obere gas ndị ọzọ nyere ndị gas igwekota. Nke a bụ nke a na-akpọ osisi gas.

The ọxịdashọn nke carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide emepụta ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ọxịdashọn nke carbonaceous ogige. CO a kpụrụ mgbe ezughi oke oxygen na-emepụta carbon dioxide (CO _2), n'ihi na ihe atụ, n'oge na ime nke oku ma ọ bụ esịtidem combustion engine na ihe nchọ ohere. Ọ bụrụ na oxygen bụ ugbu a, nakwa dị ka ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ ikuku ịta nke carbon monoxide Burns, radiating-acha anụnụ anụnụ ìhè, akpụ carbon dioxide, mara dị ka carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide na ọtụtụ-eji ruo mgbe 1960 nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke ime ọkụ ụlọ ọrụ, isi nri na kpo oku, o nwere na a akụkụ nke mmanụ ụgbọala dị ka a mkpa akụrụngwa. Ụfọdụ Filiks ke oge a teknụzụ dị ka n'oké ígwè ka na-emepụta carbon monoxide ka a byproduct. Njikọ onwe ya CO na-oxidized na ịzụ ₂ na ụlọ okpomọkụ.

Ọ bụ n'ebe a CO na ọdịdị?

Ma na e nwere bụ carbon monoxide na ọdịdị? Otu nke ya eke si enweta ya bụ photochemical Jeremaya mere, ke troposphere. Ndị a Filiks na-ẹkekerede na-enwe ike n'ịwa dị 5 × 10 ¹² n'arọ nke umi e; oday. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ na isi mmalite, dị ka e kwuru n'elu, na-agbọpụta ọkụ, oké ọhịa ọkụ na ndị ọzọ ụdị combustion.

molekụla Njirimara

Carbon monoxide nwere a ezengwenri uka nke 28,0, nke-eme ka ọ na ubé obere na ok karịa ikuku. Bond ogologo n'etiti abụọ atọm - 112,8 micrometers. Ọ dị nso iji na-enye otu ike chemical agbụ. Ma ọcha na njikọ na CO nwere banyere 10 electrons na valence shei nke otu.

Dị ka a na-achị, ndị organic carbonyl ogige e nwere a abụọ nkekọ. A mara mma nke CO molekul bụ ihe na-adị n'etiti atọm ike Mmaji nkekọ na-akọrọ electrons na-6 3 metụtara molekụla orbitals. Ebe ọ bụ na anọ nke na-akọrọ electrons sitere si ihe oxygen atọm na 2 naanị site carbon, onye ji site abụọ metụtara orbital electrons nke O _2, akpụ a dipole ma ọ bụ dative nkekọ. Nke a na-akpata C ← O polarization nke ụmụ irighiri na a obere ụgwọ "-" na carbon na a obere ụgwọ "+" na oxygen.

Ndị fọdụrụ abụọ metụtara orbitals na-ji site a ebubo urughuru nke carbon na otu oxygen. The molekul bụ akpàràkpà: oxygen nwere a ukwuu elektrọn njupụta karịa carbon na a na-ubé ghaghị ebubo, jiri ya tụnyere a na-adịghị mma carbon.

n'ikuku

Na ụlọ ọrụ, inweta carbon monoxide CO ọ na-rụrụ site na kpo oku na carbon dioxide na-enweghị ohere nke ikuku ma ọ bụ mmiri vepo na coal:

CO ₂ + C = 2CO;

H ₂ O + C = CO + H _2.

Nke ikpeazụ a na-akpọ n'ihi ngwakọta bụ uzuoku ma ọ bụ njikọ gas. N'okpuru laabu ọnọdụ, carbon monoxide II site na-edo na-organic acid lekwasị na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, nke na-eme ka a dehydrating gị n'ụlọnga:

HCOOH = CO + H ₂ O;

H ₂ C ₂ O ₄ = CO ₂ + H ₂ O.

Isi mgbaàmà na enyemaka na CO nsi

Ọ carbon monoxide nsi? Ee, na ike. Carbon monoxide nsi bụ ihe kasị nkịtị onu n'ụwa nile. The kasị mgbaàmà ndị:

• a mmetụta nke adịghị ike;
• ọgbụgbọ;
• dizziness;
• ike ọgwụgwụ;
• ogwe;
• ogbenye agụụ;
• isi ọwụwa;
• mgbagwoju anya;
• bịara ikiri ọhụụ;
• vomiting;
• na-ada mbà;
• ụfụ.

N'ebe a na-egbu egbu gas nwere ike ime ka ịrịba mmebi, nke nwere ike-emekarị ka mmadụ ogologo oge adịghị ala ala enweghị nchịkwa ọnọdụ. Carbon monoxide bụ ike nke na-eme ka oké njọ mmebi nke nwa ebu n'afọ nke nwanyị dị ime. Tara, n'ihi na ihe atụ, mgbe a ọkụ, ga-enye ihe ozugbo enyemaka. mkpa kpọọ ụgbọ ihe mberede, nye ohere ọhụrụ ikuku, dị ọcha na uwe hampering ume, dajụọ mmụọ, na-ekpo ọkụ. Siri ike nsi na-emekarị emeso naanị n'okpuru nlekọta nke dọkịta nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ.

ngwa

Carbon monoxide bụ, dị ka ekwuola, bụ na-egbu egbu na ize ndụ, ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi ogige nke na-eji oge a na ụlọ ọrụ maka organic njikọ. CO na-iji na-emepụta dị ọcha ọla, carbonyls, phosgene, carbon sulfide, methyl mmanya, formamide, aromatic aldehydes, formic acid. Nke a na umi a na-eji dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala. N'agbanyeghị ya toxicity na toxicity, a na-eji dị ka a akụrụngwa n'ihi amị dị iche iche bekee na chemical ụlọ ọrụ.

Carbon monoxide na carbon dioxide: ihe bụ ihe dị iche?

Monoxide na carbon dioxide (CO na ịzụ ₂₎ Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-ezighị nke ọ bụla ọzọ. Ma, haruru bụ odorless, colorless, na abụọ nwere a na-adịghị mma mmetụta na obi usoro. Ma, haruru nwere ike tinye aru ahu site inhalation, anụ na anya. A ogige mgbe ọ gụrụ ndụ ntule ịkọrọ a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbaàmà - isi ọwụwa, dizziness, ụfụ na ịmụ anya arọ nrọ. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na o siri ike na-eme ka ndị dị iche na adịghị aghọta na ụgbọ ala iyuzucha uzu oku enwupụta dị ka CO, na CO _2. Inside-abawanye na ịta nke ndị a, haruru nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ ụmụ mmadụ ike na nchekwa, n'okpuru ha. Gịnị bụ ihe dị iche?

Na elu kasịnụ nke ma nwere ike igbu. Ihe dị iche dị na CO ₂ bụ a nkịtị eke gas, dị mkpa maka ihe niile osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ ndụ. CO bụghị juru ebe nile. Nke a site na-ngwaahịa oxygen-free combustion. The oké egwu chemical dị iche ndị na ịzụ ₂ nwere otu carbon atọm na abụọ oxygen atọm, ebe naanị Co ha otu otu. Carbon dioxide bụ ndị na-abụghị flammable, mgbe monoxide yikarịrị enwetaghị ọkụ.

Carbon dioxide a na-ndammana dị na ikuku, na ndị mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-ekuru oxygen na exhaled carbon dioxide, i.e. Nigeria ọ pụrụ idi a obere ego. Nke a gas na-chọrọ maka photosynthesis site osisi. Otú ọ dị, carbon monoxide adịghị ime ndammana na ikuku, na nwere ike ime ka nsogbu ahụ ike ọbụna na ala kasịnụ. Ma gas njupụta bụkwa dị iche iche. Carbon dioxide dị arọ na ndị ọzọ na ok karịa ikuku, mgbe carbon monoxide bụ obere mfe. Nke a peculiarity na-sonye na akaụntụ guzosie ike kwesịrị ekwesị sensọ n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ.