Gịnị bụ ACS? Self-propelled ogbunigwe echichi: nhazi ọkwa, designation

Self-propelled ogbunigwe nkeji (Nchịkọta) akpọ ọgụ ugbo ala, nke bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ karịa a onwe-propelled Chassis-n'ịnyịnya ogbunigwe egbe. Na-adị kwa ụbọchị ndụ ya na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ onwe-propelled egbe ma ọ bụ artsamohodami. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ele anya na ihe nke na-ACS, ebe ha na-eji dị ka nkewa na si dị iche na ndị ọzọ ụdị ngwá agha.

nchịkọta

Ya mere, ihe bụ ACS? Na a sara mbara uche dị ka ACS nwere ike hụrụ niile ọgụ ugbo ala, nke na-burugodị na egbe. Otú ọ dị, na warara uche na ACS agụnye naanị ndị igwe na burugodị na egbe ma ọ bụ howitzers, ma na-adịghị tankị ma ọ bụ armored ugbo ala.

Nchịkọta iche iche iche, nakwa dị ka ha akporo. Ha nwere ike wheeled ma ọ bụ esoro Chassis, iji chebe ma ọ bụ iji chebe ndị agha, nwere ofu ma ọ bụ ụlọ elu ugwu isi egbe. Ọtụtụ nke onwe onye na-propelled ogbunigwe nke ụwa, onwem na ulo-elu nrụnye, yiri tankị. Otú ọ dị, ha dị iche na budata si tankị maka kenkwucha were na itule "ihe-agha-ogwe aka."

Self-propelled ogbunigwe unit (ACS) malitere ya akụkọ ihe mere eme na gburugburu oge mgbe mbụ egbe ala na armored ugbo ala - ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Ọzọkwa, si ele ihe anya nke oge a na agha sayensị, mbụ French tankị na-adịghị anya analogue mesịrị Nchịkọta karịa tankị. N'etiti na nkera nke abụọ nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ na-eduga ná mba bịara oge nke ngwa mmepe nke nile di iche iche nke onwe-propelled ogbunigwe.

Ná mmalite iri-na-narị afọ mbụ, ekele a oke-awụlikwa elu agha sayensị, akpaka akara, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara, malitere na-ekwu na kara ndị ọzọ armored ugbo ala. Na mbụ, ọ na-emekwa bụ na tankị. The ọrụ nke ACS na ọnọdụ nke oge a agha agha na-eto eto ọ bụla n'afọ.

History of development

Na ubi, Mbụ Agha Ụwa n'ọgbọ agha na-eji onwe-propelled nkeji, wuru na ndabere nke gwongworo, traktọ ma ọ bụ crawler. Mgbe e mesịrị, na mmepe nke tankị, engineer chọpụtara na tank isi bụ ihe kasị mma ruru eru maka echichi nke dị ike ogbunigwe na usoro. Unarmored egbe na Chassis na-agaghị echefu echefu, n'ihi na ha bụ ma ama n'ihi na ha elu agagharị.

Na Russia, mbụ armored ACS nyere nwa D. I. Mendeleeva - Vd Mendeleev. N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ na Civil War ifịk ifịk na-eji a 72 millimeter egbe Lander, wuru na ndabere nke ụgbọala "Russo-Balt". Cabs ụfọdụ n'ime ha ọbụna ikpe armored. Na 20s nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ na mmepe nke ACS aku na USSR, Germany na United States, ma ọtụtụ n'ime oru ngo bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ karịa a surrogate echichi.

Mgbe Soviet Union na Germany malitere ifịk ifịk imepe ya armored agha, ohere massively arụnyere na Chassis tank ogbunigwe. N'ihi ya, na Soviet Union na ndabere nke T-35 tankị na T-28 prototype onwe-propelled egbe Su-14 e kere. Na Germany, maka akakabarede n'okpuru Nchịkọta mee ochie tankị Pz Kpfw I.

World War II chọrọ ojiji nke niile sonyere. Germany achị emepụta ACS dabeere ochie na weghaara tankị. Dabere na ya nke ígwè ọrụ, ha mere ihe dị mfe ma dị ọnụ ala echichi. The akụkọ gụnyere ndị dị otú ahụ German ụdị: StuG III, na StuG IV, Hummel na Wespe, onwe-propelled egbe "Ferdinand" (na-akpọ alụso Hetzer na Elefant tank) na a ole na ole ndị ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọgwụgwụ nke 1944 na mmepụta nke ACS na Germany karịa olu mmepụta nke tankị.

The Red Army wee malite ibuso enweghị a Oghere Usoro onwe-propelled ogbunigwe. Production nke a otu onwe-propelled howitzer Su-5 kwụsịrị na 1937. Ma na July 1941, e nwere a onwe-propelled egbe ZIS-30 surrogate ụdị. Na-esote afọ nzukọ akara wee wakpo egbe nlereanya Su-122. Mgbe e mesịrị counterweight German arọ armored ugbo ala pụtara ama Su-100 na ISU-152.

British na American ndị injinịa lekwasị ha agha ndị tumadi na mmepụta nke onwe-propelled howitzers. N'ihi ya, e nlereanya: sexton, Bishop, M12 na M7 Onye Nchụàjà.

N'ihi na mmepe nke isi agha tankị, mkpa maka ojiji nke wakpo ngwá agha okụrede. Anti-agha usoro na helikọpta gunships nnọọ nke ọma nwere ike dochie tank mbibi. Ma howitzers na -emegide ugbo elu egbe na-emepe emepe nnọọ.

Dị ka ACS ha akporo eto na gbasaa nhazi ọkwa. Tụlee ụdị nke onwe-propelled egbe, idem ke agha sayensị taa.

tank nāpunara

Dị ka aha na-egosi, dị agha igwe na-pụrụ iche na-ebibi armored ugbo ala. A, ha na-nwetara dị ka ogologo barreled ngwá agha semiautomatic egbe nke a caliber nke 57 mm ka 100 mm na a unitary Nchaji usoro na-enye ohere iji nweta a elu nke ọkụ. Arọ tank nāpunara, iji luso otu onye iro igwe na-arọ tankị nwere ike na-ebu ogologo-barreled egbe kewaa Nchaji, na caliber nke esịmde ruo 155 mm. Nrụnye nke a na klas na-adighi ike megide bipu na e wusiri ike. Amali elu na mmepe ha natara n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. E ji mara ndị nnọchiteanya nke tank ebukọrọ nke oge bụ a Soviet onwe-propelled egbe Su-100 nlereanya na German "jagdpanther". Ugbu a, echichi nke klas a nyere ụzọ mgbochi agha usoro na ọgụ helicopters, nke bụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị irè iji nagide tankị.

wakpo egbe

Na-armored ugbo ala n'ihi na ọkụ na-akwado nke tankị na bipu. ACS ụdị nnukwu-igbochi ngwá agha ijupụta (105-203 mm) ma ọ bụ na-adịghị ogologo-barreled egbe, nke mfe kụrụ e wusiri ike ọnọdụ bipu. Ke adianade do, wakpo egbe nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè eji megide tankị. Nke a na ụdị nke onwe-propelled egbe, nakwa dị ka ndị gara aga, ifịk ifịk mepụtara n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Doro anya ihe atụ nke German wakpo egbe propelled ígwè StuG III, StuG H42 na Brummbar. N'etiti Soviet igwe dị iche: Su-122 na Su-152. Mgbe agha, mmepe nke isi agha tankị dugara na ha na-jikeere na nnukwu-caliber egbe, ike nke na-egbu onye iro e wusiri ike na-enweghị nsogbu na unarmored zaa. N'ihi ya, mkpa iji wakpo ngwá agha okụrede.

Self-propelled howitzers

Na mobile ngwaọrụ nke ọkụ si zoro ezo ọnọdụ. N'ezie, ọ na propelled analogue towed ogbunigwe. Dị otú ahụ ACS njikere caliber ogbunigwe usoro si 75 na 406 millimeters. Ha nwere a nta ballistic akwụkwọ, nke na-echebe ma e wezụga counter-batrị n'ọkụ. Site ná mmalite, mmepe nke onwe-propelled ogbunigwe mepụtara na onwe-propelled howitzers. The egbe nke nnukwu caliber na elu agagharị na oge a na n'ọnọdu usoro-eme ka a ụdị mgwo agha n'etiti ndị kasị dị irè a na ụbọchị.

Akpan akpan ọtụtụ ebe ada onwe-propelled howitzers caliber ukwuu karịa 152 millimeters. Ha nwere ike tie ndị iro nuclear warheads, nke na-eme ka o kwe omume na-ebibi nnukwu ihe na iche iche nke ndị agha na a ole na ole nke gbaa. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, German ụgbọala na-ama ama Wespe na Hummel, American howitzers M7 (Oku) na M12, nakwa dị ka British sexton onwe-propelled egbe na Bishop. The Soviet Union gbalịrị melite mmepụta nke ígwè ọrụ dị otú (ihe nlereanya nke Su-5) na 40-ies nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ, ma nke a na-anwa bụghị ịga nke ọma. Taa, na oge a na Russian agha na-eche ihu onye nke kasị mma onwe-propelled howitzer n'ụwa - 2S19 "MSTA-S" caliber nke 152 mm. Na-agha nile nke NATO mba uru ya ọzọ 155-mm onwe-propelled egbe, "Paladin" na-eje ozi.

mgbochi

Nchịkọta na klas a na-ọkara oghe ma ọ bụ na-emeghe igwe, burugodị na mgbochi tank ngwá agha. A, ha na-wuru na isi nke ìhè armored tank Chassis, nke na-gharazie ịba uru maka ya bu n'obi iji. Igwe ndị a na-akwanyere ùgwù site a ọma Nchikota price na arụmọrụ ma dị na dịtụ elu mpịakọta. Otú ọ dị, ha ka na-efu ndị mara e ji mara nke igwe ọzọ iche iche. A ezi ihe nlereanya nke a tank mbibi nke World War II bụ German machine Marder II na anụ ụlọ Su-76M. A, ndị dị otú ahụ obere-igbochi ngwá agha ijupụta ma ọ bụ idebe srednekalibernymi egbe. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ, e nwere ndị ọzọ dị ike version, n'ihi na ihe atụ, German Nashorn caliber nke 128 mm. The oge a agha nkeji na-adịghị mee ihe.

antiaircraft

Ọ bụ a pụrụ iche na egbe ala na igwe egbe, onye isi ọrụ bụ imeri ala-na-elu na-ajụ-elu ugbo elu na onye iro helicopters. Na-emekarị ha bụ obere-caliber akpaka egbe burugodị (20-40 mm) na / ma ọ bụ nnukwu caliber egbe (12,7-14,5 mm). Ihe dị mkpa nke-emegide ugbo elu usoro nduzi bụ na ngwa ngwa na-akpụ akpụ zaa. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha ọzọ na-ebu akụ ụta nke "n'ala na-ikuku." Na obodo mepere emepe ọgụ, na ikpe mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji guzogide nnukwu pụta bipu,-emegide ugbo elu egbe gosiri na ya dị ka nke ọma ghara ịdị. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, karịsịa dị iche na German-emegide ugbo elu egbe Wirbelwind na Ostwind, nakwa dị ka ndị Soviet ZSU-37. Modern Russian agha nwere ihe abụọ ZSU burugodị: 23-4 ( "Shilka") na "Tunguska".

surrogate

Na-improvised ọgụ ugbo ala, e mere na ndabere nke azụmahịa gwongworo, ogbunigwe traktọ na traktọ. Ọha na surrogate Nchịkọta, dị ka a na-achị, kọrọ. N'etiti anụ ụlọ nrụnye dị otú ahụ na klas nkesa natara 57-mm onwe-propelled mgbochi tank ọgụ ụgbọala ZIS-30 na dabeere na a na-esoro ogbunigwe traktọ "Komsomolets". The kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na surrogate igwe, Nazi Germany na Fascist Italy n'ihi enweghị ọzọ armored ugbo ala.

A na-ahụkarị onwe-propelled ogbunigwe nke USSR ọma agwakọta ọrụ nke multiple klaasị. Ihe doro anya ihe atụ nke a bụ ihe nlereanya ISU-152. Germany gbasoro na atụmatụ nke na-eke ukwuu pụrụ iche onwe-propelled egbe. N'ihi ya, ụfọdụ German nkeji bụ ihe kasị mma na ha na klas.

were si eme

Iji ghọta ihe ndị ACS na ihe ha bu, ka ịmụta otú iji ha na omume. Ebumnobi bụ isi nke onwe-propelled ogbunigwe n'ọgbọ agha bụ na-akwado ndị ọzọ ụdị agha na ogbunigwe ọkụ si zoro ezo ọnọdụ. N'ihi na eziokwu na ACS nwere a elu agagharị, ha nwere ike so tankị n'oge izu site iro chebe onwe, budata amụba ọgụ ike nke armored na bipu agha.

Elu agagharị na-enye ohere onwe-propelled ogbunigwe ọgụ onye iro. Iji mee nke a, tupu gbakọọ niile kwa nke agbapụ. ACS ahụ na-aga na firing ọnọdụ na-edu a wakporo iro enweghị zeroing. Mgbe ahụ, ha ngwa ngwa hapụ firing akara, na site na oge mgbe onye iro ga-gbakọọ ebe a retaliatory iku, ọnọdụ nwere na-efu.

Ọ bụrụ na onye iro tankị na motorized bipu ezumike site akara nke na-azara ọnụ, onwe-propelled ogbunigwe nwere ike ije ozi dị ka a ọma mgbochi tank ngwá agha. Iji mezuo nke a, ụfọdụ ACS ụdị-esi n'ime ha pụrụ iche mgbọ shells.

Na-adịbeghị anya, onwe-propelled ogbunigwe malitere ga-eji igbu snipers na-ezo na ihere na-awakpo ndị ọzọ na ebe firepower.

Single onwe-propelled ogbunigwe, burugodị na nuclear agba nwere ike ime nnukwu ihe, e wusiri ike niile, nakwa dị ka eri ego nke onye iro agha. Na nke a, na nuclear agba ACS nta-agaghị ekwe omume intercept. Otú ọ dị, nso nke na o kwere omume zaa ke ezubere iche ogbunigwe mgbọ erughị ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu na-kenkwucha agba, nakwa dị ka ike nke gbawaranụ.

ndokwa

The kasị nnọọ, onwe-propelled igwe na-na-wuru na isi nke tank na Chassis ìhè armored esoro ugbo ala. Ma ikpe ndokwa nke mmiri na mgbakọ bụ yiri. N'adịghị ka tankị, ụlọ elu ACS echichi emi odude ke n'azụ nke agha ụlọ, na bụghị n'etiti. N'ihi ya na usoro nke inye mgbọ n'ala na-facilitated ukwu. Engine-nnyefe gbalaga, karị dị n'ihu na n'etiti òkè-ya. N'ihi na eziokwu na nnyefe emi odude ke ụta, ọ bụ ihe amamihe na n'ihu wiil na-eduga. Otú ọ dị, na nke ugbu a ACS emekarị n'ebe ojiji nke n'azụ-wheel mbanye.

nkewa nke management, ọ bụ otu - a n'ebe ọrụ nke onye na-akwọ, na-emi odude nso n'etiti gearbox nke igwe ma ọ bụ nso ya n'aka ekpe. The moto dị n'etiti n'ókè nke akwọ ụgbọala na-arụ ọrụ nkewa. Ọgụ ogige agụnye mgbọ na ngwaọrụ maka aiming egbe.

Kọwakwara n'onwe ịtụkwasị mmiri na mgbakọ, egbe ugwu nwere ike ide nke tank sample. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-eme na-anọchi anya a tank ụlọ elu staffing na-anọchi a pụrụ iche elu na a ọnụego nke ngwá na akụrụngwa maka nduzi. Lee, anyị bụ na ị na-ahụ ihe ndị ACS.