Ikwu atọm uka a gbakọtara mgbalị nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị

Onye ọ bụla umi bụ bụghị ihe siri ike, ọ bụ obere ahụ na-emekwa ka molekul. Ụmụ irighiri nke atọm. Site na nke a anyị nwere ike ikwubi na-ekpebi uka nke a umi nwere ike mara ụmụ irighiri na atọm gụnyere ọcha. N'otu oge, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nke Lomonosov achakwa okwu a. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ọchịchọ ịmata n'okike mgbe niile mmasị na-ajụjụ a: "Na ihe nkeji na-kwupụtara molekụla uka, uka nke atọm?"

Ma mbụ, a obere amụ n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme

N'oge gara aga kwa unit nke uka na-mgbe e hydrogen atọm ibu (H). Na, na a ndabere, anyị mere niile dị mkpa calculations. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na ogige na-ewetara na ọdịdị n'ụdị oxygen ogige, Otú ọ dị atọm gbakọọ uka mmewere na ikwu na oxygen (O). Nke bụ nnọọ iru ala, ya mere ha nwere ike sonye na akaụntụ na ngụkọta oge nke mgbe nile ruru A: N of 16: 1. Ke adianade do, ọmụmụ gosiri ihe inaccuracy na ruru, ọ bụ n'ezie hà 15,88: 1 na 16: 1.008. Mgbanwe ndị dị otú mere ka atọm iji tọghata uka ọtụtụ ọcha. Ọ na-e kpebiri ịhapụ banyere 16 ibu uru, na maka H - 1.008. N'ihu mmepe nke sayensị emeela ka ngosi nke ọdịdị nke oxygen. Ọ hụrụ na ndị oxygen molekul nwere ọtụtụ isotopes na ìgwè 18, 16, 17. N'ihi physics adighi anabata iji nkeji na-enwe nkezi uru. N'ihi ya, abụọ akpịrịkpa nke atọm igwe na-guzobere: na onwu na physics. Naanị na 1961, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ kwubiri na ọ dị mkpa iji mepụta otu ọnụ ọgụgụ, nke a na-eji anyị na ụbọchị n'okpuru aha nke "carbon unit." Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ndị ikwu atọm ibu nke mmewere na-anọchi anya a carbon atọm na ibu nkeji.

The ụzọ nke ngụkọta oge

Mass molekul mejupụtara ọ bụla umi uka nke atọm nke mejupụtara a molekul. Anyị ikwubi na uka nke molekul na-kwupụtara na carbon nkeji, nakwa dị ka uka nke atọm, i.e., ikwu atọm uka kpebisiri ike dị ka ikwu molekụla uka. Dị ka a maara, iji Avogadro Iwu nwere ike ikpebi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm na molekul. Ịmara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke-edebe irighiri nke uka, anyị nwere ike gbakọọ atọm uka. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ na-akọwa ya. Na 1858 godu Cannizzaro chọrọ a usoro nke ikwu atọm ibu kpebisiri ndị ọcha nke bụ ike nke na-akpụ a gaseous compound. Otú ọ dị, nke a adịghị nwere ikike ọla. Ya mere, usoro a họọrọ maka mkpebi siri ike nke ha atọm pụta, iji na nduzi atọm uka na okpomọkụ ikike nke umi. Ma niile n'elu ụzọ na-enye ndika ụkpụrụ nke atọm pụta.

Olee otú ọ na-gbakọọ kpọmkwem uka nke atọm nke ihe mmewere?

Dị ka e gosiri site ọmụmụ sayensị na ndị a ndika ụkpụrụ ga-ekpebisi ike-ezi ezi. Iji mee nke a, naanị uru ị chọrọ iji tụnyere ihe Ẹkot. Ẹkot mmewere hà ruru nke ikwu atọm uka mmewere ya valence compound. Nke a ruru a kpebisiri ike ziri ezi ikwu atọm uka nke onye ọ bụla mmewere.