Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-edozi ahụ bụ ihe dị aṅaa? Kedu ihe bụ protein monomers?

Ndị na-edozi ahụ bụ ndị polymers na-ahụ maka ọdịdị dị mgbagwoju anya. Ha nwere nnukwu ihe dị arọ ma na-agụnye amino acid, ndị ọrịa prosthetic nke vitamin, lipid na carbohydrate inclusions. A na-akpọ protein ndị nwere carbohydrates, vitamin, ọla ma ọ bụ lipids dị mgbagwoju anya. Ngwọrọgwu dị mfe gụnyere nanị amino acids jikọrọ ọnụ na peptide.

Peptides

N'agbanyeghị ụdị ihe ahụ, amino acid bụ monomers nke ndị na-edozi ahụ. Ha na-etolite otu olu nke polypeptide, bụ nke a na-emepụta fibrillar ma ọ bụ ụwa nke protein ahụ. Mgbe a protein nwere ike synthesized naanị ndụ anụ ahụ na - na osisi, nje, fungal, anụmanụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ.

Nanị ihe na-enweghị ike ijikọta monomers protein bụ nje na protozoa. Ndị ọzọ niile nwere ike ịmepụta protein. Ma ihe ndị dị aṅaa bụ monomers nke ndị na-edozi ahụ, oleekwa otú e si akpụ ha? Nke a na protein biosynthesis, a polypeptide, na e guzobere a mgbagwoju protein Ọdịdị nke amino asịd na ha Njirimara, ịhụ n'okpuru.

Naanị monomer nke protein molecule bụ mkpụrụ alpha-amino acid. Na nke a, protin bụ polypeptide, ihe amino acids ejiri. Dabere na ọnụọgụ amino achoputara na ya, dipeptides (2 residues), tripeptides (3), oligopeptides (nke nwere 2-10 amino acids) na polypeptides (ọtụtụ amino acids) dịpụrụ adịpụ.

Nyochaa banyere ọdịdị nke ndị na-edozi ahụ

Ụdị nke protein nwere ike ịbụ isi, dịkwuo mgbagwoju - nke abụọ, ọbụna karịa mgbagwoju anya - nke kachasị elu, na nke kachasị mgbagwoju anya - Quaternary.

Umuakwụkwọ bụ isi bụ ihe dị mfe nke a na-ejikọta monomers nke protein (amino acids) site na njikọ peptide (CO-NH). Ihe nhazi nke abuo bu helix alpha ma obu beta. Ọkwa dị iche iche bụ ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke nwere protein, bụ nke e guzobere site na nke abụọ n'ihi nhazi nke covalent, ionic na hydrogen, nakwa dịka mmekọrịta mmekọrịta hydrophobic.

Ụdị na-anọ na quaternary bụ nke dị mgbagwoju anya, ọ bụkwa njirimara nke ndị na-edozi ahụ na-enweta ihe dị na cell membranes. Nke a bụ nchịkwa supramolecular (ngalaba) nke e guzobere site na ijikọta mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche nwere usoro ihe ochie, nke a na-agbakwunye na carbohydrate, lipid ma ọ bụ vitamin. N'okwu a, dịka na isi, ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ na nke tertiary, protein protein bụ mkpụrụ-amino acids. A na-ejikọta ha na njikọ nke peptide. Nanị ihe dị iche bụ mgbagwoju anya nke usoro ahụ.

Amino acids

Naanị monomers nke protein molecules bụ alpha-amino acids. Ha dị nanị afọ iri abụọ na ise, ha dịkwa ka ihe ndabere nke ndụ. Ntoputa nke a peptide nkekọ, protein njikọ ekwe omume. Na protein n'onwe ya mgbe nke ahụ malitere ịrụ ọrụ ahụ, onye ntanetị, enzymatic, njem, onye ogbugbo na ọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'ihi nke a, akụkụ ahụ dị ndụ na-arụ ọrụ ma nwee ike mụta nwa.

Amino acid onwe ya bụ organic carboxylic acid na otu amino nke jikọrọ ya na mkpụrụedemede alpha-carbon. Nke a na-esote n'akụkụ carboxyl. N'ihi ya monomers nke na-edozi na-ewere dị ka organic bekee, nke na-egbu carbon atọm na-agba ihe amine na a carboxyl otu.

Nchikota amino acids na peptides na ndi na-edozi

A na - ejikọta amino acids na dimers, trimers na polymers site na njikọ peptide. A na-emepụta ya site na ikpochapụ nke hydroxyl (-OH) site na akụkụ carboxyl nke otu alpha-amino acid na hydrogen (-H) - site na amino nke otu alpha-amino acid. N'ihi mmekọrịta ya, mmiri na-agbawa, na njedebe carboxyl ka mpaghara C = O nwere mpaghara eletriki na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla dị nso carbon nke carboxyl fọdụrụnụ. Na ọzọ amino acid fọduru nwere (NH) ihe dị free buu na nitrogen atọm. Nke a na - enye ohere abụọ iji jikọta ọnụ iji mepụta njikọ (CONH). A na-akpọ ya peptide.

Ụdị nke alpha-amino acids

A na-amata amino acid 23 amị. A na-enye ha ụdị ndepụta: glycine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, glutamate, asparaginate, ornithine, threonine, serine, lysine, cystine, cysteine, phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, proline, tryptophan, hydroxyproline, arginine, histidine, asparagine Glutamine. Na-adabere na ma ha nwere ike ịhazi ha, a na-ekezi amino acid a ka ha bụrụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịgbanwe.

Echiche nke amino acids na-agbanwe agbanwe ma dị mkpa

Ọdịdị mmadụ nwere ike dochie anya ya, ebe onye na-enweghị ike ịnweta ya ga-abịa naanị ya. N'ọnọdụ a, ma ihe dị mkpa ma dị na ya na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ ihe dị mkpa maka biosynthesis protein, n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na ha enweghị njikọ, enweghi ike agwụcha. Enweghị otu amino acid, ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na ndị ọzọ niile nọ, ọ gaghị ekwe omume iwunye protein ahụ nke cell chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ ya.

Otu njehie n'oge ọ bụla nke biosynthesis - na protein adịchaghị ekwesighi, n'ihi na ọ pụghị ịnakọta na usoro a chọrọ n'ihi mmebi nke kọntaktị na interatomic mmekọrịta. N'ihi na ụmụ mmadụ (na ndị ọzọ ntule), ọ dị mkpa na-eri protein oriri, nke nwere oké mkpa amino asịd. Ha enweghị nri na-eduga n'ọtụtụ mmebi nke protein metabolism.

Usoro nke mmekorita peptide

Naanị monomers nke ndị na-edozi ahụ bụ alpha-amino acids. Ha na-ejikọrọ nwayọọ nwayọọ na polypeptide yinye, Ọdịdị nke nke na-echekwara na tupu ke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu nke DNA (ma ọ bụ RNA, mgbe anya nje biosynthesis). N'okwu a, protein bụ usoro nlezianya nke amino acid. Nke a bụ agbụ ígwè, nyere iwu ka a rụọ ihe dị iche iche, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị na cell.

Nzọụkwụ nke usoro biosynthesis protein

Usoro usoro protein ji mejuputa usoro ntinye: nchighari nke mpaghara DNA (ma ọ bụ RNA), njikọ nke RNA nke ụdị ihe ọmụma ahụ, ntọhapụ ya na cytoplasm nke cell site na mkpokọta, njikọ ya na ribosome na mkpịsị nwayọọ nke ihe ndị fọdụrụ amino acid nke ndị RNA na-ebufe. Ihe ahụ, nke bụ monomer nke protein, na-emetụta mmeghachi omume enzymatic nke mkpochapu nke hydroxyl na hydrogen proton, wee jikọta oghere polypetic na-arị elu.

Ya mere, a na-enweta skepe polypeptide nke, nke dị na reticulum endoplasmic cellular, bụ nke a na-enye iwu n'ime usoro a kara aka ma gbakwunye ya na carbohydrate ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede, ma ọ bụrụ na achọrọ ya. A na-akpọ nke a "ụda" nke protein ahụ, mgbe nke a gasịrị, usoro sistemụ njem na-eziga ya na ebe.

Ọrụ nke synthesized protein

Monomers nke ndị na-edozi ahụ bụ amino acid dị mkpa iji wuo usoro ha bụ isi. Ọdịdị nke abụọ, nke dị na mbara igwe na nke anọ na-anọchi anya ya, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-achọkwa itinye òkè na enzymes na ihe ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, ha anaghịzi adị mkpa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpa ka ndị na-edozi mezuo ọrụ ha.

Amino acid, nke bu monomer nke protin nwere ike inwe ebe ntinye aka maka carbohydrates, metal ma obu vitamin. Nchịkọta nke ọkpụkpụ ma ọ bụ nke na-anọ na quaternary na-eme ka ọ nwee ike ịchọta ebe ndị ọzọ maka ndokwa nke otu ìgwè dị iche iche. Nke a na-eme ka o nwee ike ịmepụta site na protein nke na-arụ ọrụ dịka enzyme, onye na-anabata ihe, onye na-ebu ihe dị n'ime sel ma ọ bụ nke cell, nke immunoglobulin, nke bụ otu ihe dị na akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ cell cell, protein protein.

Ndị na-edozi, sitere na amino acid, bụ nanị ihe ndabere nke ndụ. Taa, a kwenyere na a mụrụ ndụ mgbe ọdịdị amino acid dị na polymerization ya. A sị ka e kwuwe, mmekọrịta mmekọrịta nke ndị na-edozi ahụ bụ mmalite nke ndụ, gụnyere nke otu. Ihe omuma ndi ozo, tinyere ike, di nkpa maka mmezu nke protein biosynthesis, ya mere, oganihu nke ndu.