Nuclear yinye mmeghachi omume. Ọnọdụ nke nuclear ihe mkpalite

Ozizi relativity na-ekwu na uka - bụ a pụrụ iche nke ike. Site na nke a, ọ pụtara na ọ bụ ike tọghata uka n'ime ike na ume uka. On intraatomic larịị, dị Jeremaya-ebe. Karịsịa, ụfọdụ nke uka nke atọm ntọala nwere ike ghọọ ike. Nke a mere na ọtụtụ ụzọ. Akpa, isi nwere ike gbasaa n'ime a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nta nuclei, a mmeghachi omume a na-akpọ "ida". Nke abuo, nta ndụ nwere ike mfe jikọọ na-ibu - a njikọ mmeghachi omume. Na eluigwe na ala, dị Jeremaya mere bụ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ. Ịpụta ihe ọ na-ekwu na anọ na mmeghachi omume - a bụ isi iyi nke ike maka na kpakpando. Ma mmeghachi omume nke ire ere na-eji ụmụ mmadụ nuclear reactors, dị ka ndị mmadụ na-amụta ịchịkwa ndị a mgbagwoju Filiks. Ma ihe bụ a nuclear ihe mkpalite? Olee otú jikwaa ya?

Gịnị na-eme na ntọala nke atọm

Nuclear ihe mkpalite - a usoro na-agba ọsọ collisions nke mbụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nuclei na ndị ọzọ nuclei. Gịnị bụ a "yinye"? Nke a set of zipụta ha n'usoro otu nuclear Jeremaya mere. Dị ka a N'ihi nke a usoro e nwere a mgbanwe nke kwantum ala nucleon na mejupụtara na kernel, apụta ọbụna ọhụrụ ahụ - ngwaahịa nke mmeghachi omume. Nuclear yinye mmeghachi omume, physics nke-enye gị ohere inyocha usoro nke na mmekọrịta nke nuclei na nuclei na ahụ - isi usoro n'ihi na mmepụta nke ọhụrụ ihe na isotopes. Iji ghọta ihe mkpalite, anyị ga-akpa obibi na otu.

Gịnị dị mkpa iji mmeghachi omume

Iji mejuputa ndị dị otú ahụ usoro, dị ka ndị nuclear ihe mkpalite, ọ dị mkpa ka a kpọkọta ndị ahụ (ya isi ma na nucleon abụọ cores) na anya nke okirikiri nke siri ike na mmekọrịta (ihe dị ka otu Fermi). Ọ bụrụ na anya bụ nnukwu, na mmekọrịta nke ebubo ahụ bụ kpere Coulomb. Na nuclear mmeghachi omume, na nnabata na niile iwu: nche-kwa nke ume, na oge nke ọkụ, baryon ụgwọ. Nuclear ihe mkpalite na-denoted site na akara a, b, a, d. Symbol a na-egosi a na-amalite isi, b - ahụ merenụ urughuru, na - a ọhụrụ enwupụta ahụ, na d-egosi ihe di nke pụrụ ịkpata isi.

ike nke mmeghachi omume

The yinye nuclear mmeghachi omume nwere ike na-ewere ọnọdụ ma ndị absorption na ntọhapụ nke ike, nke bụ hà uka dị iche nke ahụ mgbe mmeghachi omume na n'iru ya. The etinye obi gị dum ike na-ekpebi ndị kacha nta kinetic ike nke a nkukota, a na-akpọ fọrọ nuclear mmeghachi omume nke ọ nwere ike igba unu kpamkpam. Nke a fọrọ adabere ahụ na isonye na na mmekọrịta, na na àgwà ha. Mgbe mbụ ogbo, niile ahụ nọ na a gaghị agara kwantum ala.

omume

The isi iyi nke ebubo ahụ na-akọ ọtụtụ akụkọ ntọala bụ urughuru ome osooso, nke na-enye ohere osisi protons, oké ion na ìhè nuclei. Ngwa ngwa neutrons emepụta site n'iji nuclear ngwa agha. N'ihi nsogbu nke mere ebubo ahụ nwere ike ji mee iche iche nke nuclear Jeremaya mere - ma njikọ na ire ure. The puru nke ha na-adabere na afọ nke ahụ na ikukota. Site na nke a puru jikọtara ndị dị otú ahụ a mara, na cross ngalaba nke mmeghachi omume - uru nke irè ebe nke e ji mara na isi dị ka a iche maka ihe ahụ merenụ ahụ na nke bụ ihe ọtụtụ nke puru nke ahụ na-abanye ntọala na-emekọ. Ọ bụrụ na mmeghachi omume na-gara ahụ na a nonzero atụ ogho uru, ngalaba bụ kpọmkwem dabere na ha na ikuziri. Ebe ọ bụ na azụ nke na-abata ahụ na-abụghị ndị dabeere kpamkpam na-enweghị usoro, na ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ obere ihe n'usoro n'ụzọ, niile corpuscles bụ ekewasị. Quantitative akparamagwa nke atụ ogho na-edebere ndị na-akọwa polarization vector.

The mmeghachi omume usoro

Gịnị bụ a nuclear ihe mkpalite? Dị ka ekwuola, ọ bụ a usoro nke dị mfe Jeremaya mere. Nkọwa nke mere urughuru na ya na mmekọrịta ya na isi ndị dabere na uka, iwu, a kinetic ike. Mmekọrịta kpebisiri ike site ogo nke nnwere onwe na nke nuclei, nke na-enwe obi ụtọ mgbe a nkukota. Inweta Ihu Ọma achịkwa ihe niile ndị a usoro na-enye ohere maka a usoro dị ka na-achịkwa nuclear ihe mkpalite.

kpọmkwem Jeremaya mere

Ọ bụrụ na a na ebubo urughuru na-akụrisị lekwasịrị ntọala, dị nnọọ emetụ ya, oge nke nkukota ka dị mkpa iji merie nuclear okirikiri anya. Nke a nuclear mmeghachi omume a na-akpọ kpọmkwem. A nkịtị e ji mara maka niile Jeremaya mere, nke a ụdị bụ ihe mmalite nke a ole na ole nke degrees nke nnwere onwe. Na usoro a, mgbe mbụ nkukota urughuru nwere ka ezu ike iji merie nuclear mma. Ka ihe atụ, mmekọrịta ndị dị otú dị ka inelastic neutron chụsasịrị, ana mgbanwe, na-ọtọ. The onyinye nke ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks ji mara na-akpọ "ngụkọta cross ngalaba" ezi anuri. Otú ọ dị, ngwaahịa nkesa akara agafe nuclear mmeghachi omume na-ekpebi ihe gbasara nke puru nke emission nke n'akuku nke doo direction, kwantum nọmba selectivity bi na-ekwu na iji chọpụta ha mebere atumatu.

tupu ịha emission

Ọ bụrụ na urughuru adịghị ahapụ ubi nke nuclear imekọ ihe ọnụ mgbe mbụ nkukota, ọ ga-aka na a cascade nke soje collisions. Nke a bụ n'ezie ihe a na-akpọ nuclear ihe mkpalite. N'ihi ya, ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ na-kinetic ike nke ahụ na-ekesa n'etiti akụrụngwa akụkụ nke kernel. The otu ala nke ntọala ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ mgbagwoju anya. N'oge a usoro na ụfọdụ nucleon ma ọ bụ dum ụyọkọ (ìgwè nke nucleons) ume nwere ike lekwasịrị anya, ọ bụ zuru ezu maka emission nke a nucleon si ntọala. Ọzọkwa ntụrụndụ ga-eme ka a mgbakọ na mwepụ ịha na e guzobere a compound ntọala.

yinye Jeremaya mere

Gịnị bụ a nuclear ihe mkpalite? Nke a usoro nke ya constituent akụkụ. Ntụgharị multiple consecutive otu nuclear Jeremaya mere site ebubo ahụ apụta dị ka mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa na aga na nzọụkwụ. Gịnị a na-akpọ a nuclear ihe mkpalite? Ka ihe atụ, fission nke arọ nuclei, mgbe multiple fission ihe butere nwetara site gara aga ere neutrons.

Akụkụ nke a nuclear ihe mkpalite

N'etiti niile chemical Jeremaya mere ya natara obosara nkesa yinye. Ahụ na ejibeghi njikọ mezuo ọrụ nke free radicals ma ọ bụ atọm. Na usoro a, dị ka ndị nuclear yinye mmeghachi omume, usoro nke ya N'ezie enye neutrons nke nwere Coulomb mgbochi a na-ejikere ntọala n'elu absorption. Ọ bụrụ na ndị na-ajụ na-egosi na ọ dị mkpa urughuru, ọ na-akpata a yinye ụdi mgbanwe, nke ga-anọgide na yinye scission n'ihi ọnwụ nke ụgbọelu ahụ.

Mere efu ụgbọelu

E nwere nanị ihe abụọ mere maka ọnwụ nke ụgbọelu ahụ na-aga n'ihu yinye Jeremaya mere. Nke mbụ bụ absorption nke ahụ enweghị sekọndrị emission usoro. The abụọ - ahapụ ahụ n'ime akporo nke umi na-akwado ndị na yinye usoro.

Abụọ na ụdị usoro

Ọ bụrụ na ndị unit a mụrụ nanị urughuru ụgbọelu na onye ọ bụla oge ihe mkpalite, mgbe ahụ, a na usoro nwere ike na-akpọ unbranched. Ọ ike iduga ntọhapụ nke ike na a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ ụgbọelu ahụ, ọ na-akpọ a branched mmeghachi omume. Gịnị bụ a nuclear ihe mkpalite na branching? Otu natara na aga na-eme omume nke abụọ ahụ na-malitere tupu yinye, ma ndị nke ọzọ ga-ike ọhụrụ Jeremaya mere na ga-alaka ụlọ ọrụ si. Na nke a na usoro a ga-sọọ mpi Filiks iduga breakage. Ihe ọnọdụ ga-enye ịrị elu na kpọmkwem oké egwu na etiti peeji onu. Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na continuity nke karịa kpere ọhụrụ ígwè, mmeghachi omume onwe-support agaghị ekwe omume. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na-ejikere ya artificially ewebata n'ime usoro chọrọ nọmba nke ahụ, usoro ka ga-agwụ karịrị oge (na-emekarị nnọọ ngwa ngwa). Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọhụrụ na ígwè ga gafere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oge izu, na ihe mkpalite ga-amalite na-agbasa ihe.

oké egwu ala

A oké egwu region bụ iche ọnọdụ na-ekwu, nke okwu elu onwe-akwagide ihe mkpalite na mpaghara ebe a mmeghachi omume bụ ekwe omume na niile. Nke a oke e ji ịha nhata n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọhụrụ na sekit na sekit na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kwere omume izu. Dị ka ọnụnọ nke urughuru-free ụgbọelu oké egwu obodo bụ isi ihe na a ndepụta dị ka "ọnọdụ nke nuclear ihe mkpalite." Ihe nweta nke a ọnọdụ nwere ike kpebisie ike site a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kwere omume ihe. Nkerisi arọ mmewere ntọala na-kpaliri naanị otu neutron. Dị ka a N'ihi nke a usoro, dị ka a ihe mkpalite nke nuclear fission, e nwere ndị ọzọ neutrons. N'ihi ya, usoro a nwere ike na-emepụta branched mmeghachi omume ebe na-ebu na neutrons ga-eme ihe. N'ihe ebe ọnụego neutron were enweghị nkewa ma ọ bụ ọpụpụ (ọnwụ ọnụego) ga-ahụ ụgwọ atụrụ ọsọ amụba ụgbọelu ahụ, ogologo mmeghachi omume ga-esi na a anyịnya mode. Nke a akụkụ-akọwa multiplication akpata. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ hà ịdị n'otu n'elu. Na nuklia ike ruru ka iwebata nke na-ezighị ezi nzaghachi n'etiti ọnụego nke ike ntọhapụ na multiplication akpata nwere ike ọfiọk akara nke nuclear Jeremaya mere. Ọ bụrụ na nke a ruru bụ ukwuu karịa otu, mgbe ahụ, mmeghachi omume ga-azụlite exponentially. Achịkwaghị achịkwa ihe mkpalite eji ngwá agha nuklia.

Nuclear ihe mkpalite na ike oru

The reactivity nke chernobyl kpebisiri ike site a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke usoro nke-ebe ya-arụsi ọrụ na mpaghara. All mmetụta ndị a na-kpebisie ike site na-akpọ ọnụọgụ nke reactivity. Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ mgbanwe nke graphite mkpara, coolants ma ọ bụ uranium reactivity nke chernobyl na osisi ike nke percolation usoro dị ka a nuclear ihe mkpalite, ji okpomọkụ ọnụọgụ (maka coolant, uranium, na graphite). E nwekwara a na nduzi nke e ji mara ike, dị ka barometric egosi nke uzuoku kwa. Iji nọgide na-enwe nuclear mmeghachi omume na chernobyl mkpa n'ịtụgharị otu mmewere n'ime ọzọ. N'ihi na nke a ọ dị mkpa iji gaa na akaụntụ eruba ọnọdụ nke nuclear ihe mkpalite - ọnụnọ nke a umi nke bụ ike kee na igbunye onwe-ha n'aka ire ere nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ ahụ nke, dị ka a na ya pụta, a ga-eme ka ndị ọzọ nke nkewa cores. Dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ a umi bụ mgbe eji uranium-238, uranium-235, plutonium-239. N'oge Itie nke nuclear ihe mkpalite isotopes ndị a, ndị ga-tisaa na-etolite abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ndị ọzọ chemical bekee. Na usoro a, ọ na-enwupụta na-akpọ "gamma" -rays, ọzụzụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ike ntọhapụ, na-guzobere abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ neutrons ike omume ịnọgide na-mmeghachi omume. Ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti onye na-adịghị na ngwa ngwa neutrons, n'ihi na iji atọm nke ntọala rekasịrị, ndị a ahụ kwesịrị ofufe na ụfọdụ na-agba.