Physical Njirimara nke hydrogen. Properties na ojiji nke hydrogen

Hydrogen H - chemical mmewere, otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị anyị eluigwe na ala. uka nke hydrogen dị ka ihe mmewere na mejupụtara nke okwu ahụ bụ 75% nke ngụkọta ọdịnaya nke atọm nke ọzọ ụdị. Ọ na-abanyekwa kasị mkpa ma njikọ dị mkpa dị na mbara ala - mmiri. A akụkụ pụrụ iche nke hydrogen bụkwa a eziokwu na ọ bụ nke mbụ mmewere na oge table nke chemical ọcha D. I. Mendeleeva.

Nchọpụta na nnyocha

E kwuru banyere hydrogen na odide nke Paracelsus ụbọchị azụ nke iri na isii na narị afọ. Ma, ya iche n'ebe a gas ngwakọta nke ikuku na flammable Njirimara nnyocha e mere na nke iri na asaa na narị afọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Lemaire. Hydrogen juputara mụọ English mmiri ọgwụ na physics ọkà mmụta sayensị Henry Cavendish, nke empirically gosipụtara na uka nke nwụrụ kasị ala tụnyere gas ndị ọzọ. Na mgbe e mesịrị nkebi nke mmepe nke sayensị, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na ya, dị ka Lavoisier, onye kpọrọ ya "site na mmiri."

Njirimara na ọnọdụ PSKHE

Mmewere, emeghe oge table D. I. Mendeleeva - bụ hydrogen. Anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke atọm igosipụta ụfọdụ duality n'ihi nwụrụ n'out oge nke ìgwè nke mbụ, isi subgroup, ọ bụrụ na ọ na-akpa àgwà dị ka a metal na na-enye otu elektrọn na usoro nke na chemical mmeghachi omume na-asa - na ikpe nke-ejupụta valence shei, i.e. n'ikuku na-adịghị mma ahụ, nke e ji mara ya dị ka yiri a halogen.

Atụmatụ nke electronic Ọdịdị nke mmewere

Njirimara nke na hydrogen atọm nke mgbagwoju bekee ka nke ọ na-gụnyere, na a mfe umi nke N ₂ na-isi kpebisie ike site na kọmputa nhazi nke nwụrụ. Urughuru nwere elektrọn na Z = (-1), nke na-agbagharị ya orbit gburugburu ntọala nwere otu proton na a unit uka ma na-enwe ụgwọ (+1). Ya electronic nhazi 1s dere dị ka ^1, nke na-egosi na ọnụnọ nke a na-adịghị mma urughuru n'onwe ya nke mbụ na naanị nke nwụrụ s-orbitals.

Mgbe iche ma ọ bụ anaghị achọ elektrọn na atọm nke mmewere nwere ihe onwunwe na ọ na-eme na ọla-enwetara cation. Nnoo hydrogen ion - bụ mma elementrị urughuru. Ya mere, elektrọn ndebe ndebe nwụrụ akpọ nanị a proton.

nkịtị Njirimara

Mgbe a na -ahụ anya Njirimara nke hydrogen na nkenke, ọ bụ a colorless, ufat soluble gas na a ikwu atọm uka nke 2, 14.5 ugboro Mkpa ọkụ ka ikuku, na liquefaction okpomọkụ nke -252,8 degrees Centigrade.

Na nnwale, ị nwere ike mfe ịhụ na H ₂ bụ mfe. Ọ bụ zuru ezu jupụta atọ bọọlụ dị iche iche bekee - hydrogen, carbon dioxide, a na ikuku - na n'out oge hapụ ha n'aka. The kasị na-eru n'ala, nke jupụtara na CO ₂ mgbe tụlee fụọ ikuku ngwakọta gụnyere H ₂ na niile ịrị elu n'uko.

A obere arọ na size nke ahụ hydrogen ziri ezi ya ike banye n'ime ebe dị iche iche ihe. Na atụ nke otu obi ụtọ na a mfe ime a di na nwunye nke ụbọchị mgbe ọ na-deflates onwe ya dị ka nanị gas ga-agabiga roba. Ọzọkwa, hydrogen pụrụ ịnọ na Ọdịdị nke ụfọdụ ọla (palladium ma ọ bụ platinum), na mgbe okpomọkụ na-akpọlite ikusi si na ya.

Property hydrogen ufat eji na laabu maka ya kewapụrụ usoro chụpụ mmiri. Physical Njirimara nke hydrogen (table gosiri n'okpuru nwere ihe ndị bụ isi parameters) kọwaa ya akporo ngwa na ụzọ nke nkwadebe.

The isotopic mejupụtara

Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ so oge usoro nke chemical ọcha, hydrogen nwere ọtụtụ eke isotopes, i.e. atọm na otu nọmba nke protons na ntọala, ma dị iche iche na nọmba nke neutrons - ahụ na efu na unit ụgwọ uka. Ihe Nlereanya nke atọm enwe yiri ihe onwunwe - oxygen, carbon, chlorine, bromine na dị ka, gụnyere redioaktivu.

Physical Njirimara nke hydrogen ¹ H, ndị kasị zuru ebe nile nke na-anọchite anya nke otu a ndị budata dị iche iche na nke ndị e ji mara nke ibe ya. Karịsịa, akụkụ dị iche iche nke bekee na nke ha nwe. N'ihi ya, e nwere mgbe niile na deuterated mmiri nwere ya mejupụtara kama a hydrogen atọm na naanị otu proton deuterium ² H - isotope abụọ elementrị ahụ: nti na uncharged. Nke a isotope bụ ugboro abụọ arọ karịa na mbụ nke nwụrụ, nke na-akọwa na isi ihe dị iche na Njirimara nke ogige nke ha na-etolite. Ọdịdị nke deuterium hụrụ na 3200 ugboro ụkọ karịa hydrogen. Nke atọ nnochite anya - tritium, ³ H, na isi ya nwere ihe abụọ proton na otu neutron.

Ụzọ na-akwadebe na-akpa iche

Laboratory na ulo oru na usoro nke na-amị hydrogen bụ nnọọ iche. N'ihi ya, obere gas na-emepụta bụ isi ihe Jeremaya mere metụtara minerals, na nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta nke na-esiwanye eji organic njikọ.

Ndị na-esonụ chemical Jeremaya mere na-eji na laabu:

1. Jeremaya mere, nke alkali na alkaline ụwa ọla na mmiri na-etolite alkali na chọrọ gas.
2. The electrolysis nke otu okenye electrolyte ngwọta na anode tọhapụrụ H ₂ ↑, na cathode - oxygen.
3. Decomposition hydrides nke alkali ọla na mmiri, alkali na ngwaahịa ndị, karị, ndị gas H ₂ ↑.
4. Na-emeghachi omume itughari acid na ọla-etolite salts na H ₂ ↑.
5. Akparamagwa nke alkali on sịlịkọn, aluminum na zinc-emekwa ka ntọhapụ nke hydrogen ke ukem etolite mgbagwoju salts.

Na ulo oru gas uru nwetara site dị otú ahụ usoro ndị dị ka:

1. Kwes decomposition nke methane na ọnụnọ nke a mkpali ya constituent elementrị bekee (350 degrees esịmde uru nke dị oke dị ka okpomọkụ) - hydrogen H ₂ na carbon C. ↑
2. Nnyefe nke mmiri vepo site Coke na 1000 ° C na-etolite carbon dioxide CO ₂ H ₂ ↑ (kasị nkịtị usoro).
3. Akakabarede nke methane gas na nickel mkpali na okpomọkụ ruo 800 degrees.
4. Hydrogen bụ a byproduct n'oge electrolysis nke okenye agbanwe agbanwe nke potassium chloride ma ọ bụ sodium.

Chemical interactions: general ndokwa

Physical Njirimara nke hydrogen n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-akọwa ya na omume na nzaghachi Filiks na a akpan akpan compound. Valency nke nwụrụ bụ 1, ebe ọ na-emi odude na oge table na ìgwè nke mbụ, ma kpawa a dị iche iche ọxịdashọn ala. Na niile ogige, ma e wezụga hydrides, hydrogen sd = (1+) na ụmụ irighiri nke ụdị CNs, CN _2, CN ₃ - (1).

A molekul nke hydrogen gas, kpụrụ site n'inye generalized elektrọn ụzọ, esịnede abụọ atọm na pụtara mụ energetically, n'ihi nke a n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ ọzọ inert na mmeghachi omume na-abatakwa na nkịtị ọnọdụ mgbanwe. Dabere na ogo ọxịdashọn nke hydrogen dị ka ndị ọzọ bekee, ọ nwere ike na-eje ozi ma dị ka ihe oxidant na a reductant.

Bekee nke na-eme na-etolite hydrogen na

Elemental mmekọrịta na-etolite a mgbagwoju bekee (mgbe na elu okpomọkụ):

1. The alkali na alkaline ala metal + H = hydride.
2. Halogen + H ₂ = hydrogen halide.
3. Sọlfọ + = hydrogen sulfide.
4. Oxygen + _H2O = mmiri.
5. Carbon + H = methane.
6. Nitrogen + H ₂ = amonia.

Mmekọrịta mgbagwoju bekee:

1. Nkwadebe nke njikọ gas site carbon monoxide na hydrogen.
2. Mgbake nke ọla si ha oxides na H _2.
3. Hydrogen saturation nke unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

hydrogen nkekọ

Physical Njirimara nke hydrogen ndị dị otú ahụ na-ekwe ka ya, ebe ọ na njikọ na ihe electronegative mmewere, na-etolite a pụrụ iche ụdị nke njikọ na otu atọm nke n'akụkụ ụmụ irighiri na-enwe unshared elektrọn ụzọ abụọ (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen na fluorine). The anya atụ nke na bụ a mma anya a onu - ọ bụ mmiri. Ọ nwere ike kwuru kpachie hydrogen nkekọ na-adịghị ike karịa covalent ma ọ bụ ionic, kama n'ihi na eziokwu na ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere a ịrịba mmetụta na Njirimara nke bekee. N'eziokwu, hydrogen nkekọ - bụ electrostatic mmekọrịta, na-ejikọ mmiri ụmụ irighiri n'ime dimers na Polymers, na-egosi na ya elu mmiri ịgbọ agbọ uche.

Nwụrụ na ndị mejupụtara nke ịnweta ogige

The mejupụtara nke inorganic asịd gụnyere proton - cation atọm dị ka hydrogen. Umi acid fọduru nke nwere a ogo ọxịdashọn ukwuu karịa (-1) e kwuru polybasic compound. Ugbu e nwere ọtụtụ hydrogen atọm, nke na-eme multistage dissociation na okenye agbanwe agbanwe. Onye ọ bụla ụdi proton acid fọduru ekewapụ si ike. Iji gụpụta ndị hydrogen ọdịnaya na gburugburu ebe obibi na-ekpebisi ike site na ya acidity.

Nwụrụ nwere hydroxyl iche iche na bases. Ha jikọọ na hydrogen atọm nke oxygen, n'ihi na ogo nke ọxịdashọn nke fọduru alkali mgbe niile hà (-1). Na ọdịnaya nke hydroxyl iche iche na gburugburu ebe kọwara ya basicity.

The ojiji nke mmadụ ọrụ

Cylinders na a umi, nakwa dị ka containers na ndị ọzọ gasị, haruru dị ka oxygen, nwere a kpọmkwem anya. Ha na-ese a darkish-green agba na a na-egbuke egbuke red "hydrogen" lettering. Gas na-agbara ndi mmadu n'ime balloon na a nsogbu banyere 150 atmospheres. Physical Njirimara nke hydrogen, akpan akpan ala nke gaseous nchịkọta ala na-eji n'ihi na ejuputa ha na a ngwakọta nke helium balloons, sounding balloons, wdg

Nwụrụ, na anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke ndị mmadụ mụtara iji ọtụtụ afọ gara aga, ugbu a aka na ọtụtụ ọrụ. Ya isi uka na-aga na mmepụta nke amonia. Ọzọkwa hydrogen na-agụnye mmepụta nke ọla (hafnium, germanium, gallium, sịlịkọn, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, na ndị ọzọ) nke oxides, na-ekwu okwu na mmeghachi omume dị ka a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga na a nnu nke hydrocyanic acid, methyl mmanya, na-sịntetik mmiri mmiri mmanụ ụgbọala. Nri ụlọ ọrụ na-eji ya iji tọghata oriri mmanụ n'ime siri ike abụba.

Kọwaa chemical Njirimara na ojiji nke hydrogen dị iche iche hydrogenation Filiks na hydrogenation nke abụba, coal, hydrocarbons, mmanụ na oké mmanụ. Na ya na-emepụta ihe bara nnukwu uru, incandescent, anọ ibe ya bụrụ na ịgbado ọkụ nke metal ngwaahịa n'okpuru nduzi nke oxygen-hydrogen ire ọkụ.