Soviet rọketi "Energy" superheavy klas

"Energy" - na Soviet ibu-arọ igba egbe ụgbọala. Ọ bụ otu n'ime atọ kasị dị ike mgbe wuru agha nke otu klas - "Saturn V», nakwa dị ka ọrịa na-fated rọketi H-1, o nwere na-aga edochi. Ọzọ agha bụ isi nzube nke wepụ orbit nke Soviet ụgbọ mbara igwe, nke ka ọ dị iche na US, na-anya na ha onwe ha engines kwadoro site na a nnukwu mpụga mmanụ ụgbọala tank. Mgbe ke 1987-1988, na "Energy" ugboro abụọ gara na mbara, mgbe ahụ, na-amalite na-agaghịkwa rụrụ, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ na Soviet Union na ọ bụ na-abụ ụzọ bụ isi nke nnyefe nke ibu na orbit nke XXI narị afọ.

amị n'ọnwa foothold

Mgbe Valentin Glushko duru TSKBEM (n'oge OKB-1), dochie ihere Vasily Mishin, ọ nọrọ 20 ọnwa na-arụ ọrụ na ihe e kere eke nke a na-amị n'ọnwa isi, dabere na mgbanwe nke "Proton" rọketi imewe Vladimir Chelomeya nke eji hypergolic engines Glushko.

Site n'oge 1976, Otú ọ dị, Soviet na-edu ndú kpebiri ịkwụsị ọnwa omume na-elekwasị anya na Soviet ụgbọ mbara igwe ebe ọ bụ na US mgbagharị e were dị ka a agha iyi egwu si United States. Ọ bụ ezie na-emecha "Buran" dị yiri nnọọ a osompi, Glushko mere otu ịrịba mgbanwe nke kwere ka ọ nọgide na-enwe ya na-amị n'ọnwa mmemme.

Soviet mgbagharị

The American mgbagharị "Space Shuttle" abụọ siri ike roket boosters minit abụọ achụsakwa ụgbọ mmiri na elu nke 46 km. Mgbe ha nkewa arịa eji engines emi odude ke AFT akụkụ. Ndị ọzọ okwu, ụgbọ mbara igwe, ọ dịkarịa ala na akụkụ, nwere ya rọketi obubata, na a nnukwu mpụga mmanụ ụgbọala tank, na nke e mmasị, e a agha. Ọ naanị bu n'obi ibufe mmanụ ụgbọala maka isi engines nke ụgbọ mbara igwe.

Glushko kpebiri-ewu a "Buran" n'ozuzu enweghị ihe ọ bụla engine. Ọ bụ a ngwe, e mere ka ha laghachi Earth, nke na-egosipụta na engines orbit na anya dị ka a mmanụ ụgbọala tank nke American ụgbọ mbara igwe. N'ezie ọ bụ a rọketi "Energy". Na ndị ọzọ okwu, ndị isi mmebe nke Soviet Union na-etinye usoro na ụgbọ mbara igwe booster klas "Saturn V» modul, nke nwere ike nwere ike na-eje ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka ya mmasị ọnwa isi.

ọgbọ nke atọ

Gịnị bụ a ụgbọelu rọketi "Energy"? Ya mmepe malitere mgbe Glushko duru CDBMB (N'eziokwu aha "Energy" e ji aha nke ọhụrụ hazigharịrị NGO ngalaba ogologo oge tupu agba) na ada na ya a ọhụrụ imewe nke rọketi ugbo elu (RLA). Ná mmalite afọ ndị 1970 Soviet Union nwere dịkarịa ala atọ na Tammy - modifying H-1 P-7, "na naa" na "proton." Ha niile bụ ndị structurally dị iche iche n'ebe onye ọ bụla ọzọ, n'ihi ya ha mmezi-akwụ ụgwọ ndị dịtụ elu. Ọ dị mkpa ka ike a ìhè, na-ajụ, arọ na ibu-arọ igba egbe ugbo ala, esịnede otu set nke mmiri maka ọgbọ nke atọ nke Soviet ugboelu, na RLA Glushko ruru eru n'ihi na nke a ọrụ.

RLA Series conceded "Zenith" OKB Yangelya, ma nke a Bureau arọ igba egbe ụgbọala ha na-efu, na-eme ka o kwe omume na-akwalite "Energy". Glushko were ya imewe RLA-135, nke gụnyere a nnukwu isi booster modul na kemwepu accelerators, na ọzọ nyere ya na ndị modular "Zenith" version dị ka accelerators na isi ọhụrụ agha, mepụtara n'ọfịs ya. The amaghị nabatara - n'ihi na "Energia" rọketi ya mụrụ.

Korolev ziri ezi

Ma Glushko nwere ọzọ igbu ya ego. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ndị Soviet ohere omume ịghọta n'ihi na ọ na-ekweta na Sergei Korolev, bụ onye kweere na a nnukwu rọketi mmiri mmiri oxygen na hydrogen bụ ndị kasị mma fuels. Ya mere, n'ime H-1 Motors e wuru ọtụtụ obere ahụmahụ mmebe Nikolai Kuznetsov na VPGlushko lekwasịrị anya nitric acid na dimethylhydrazine.

Ọ bụ ezie na nke a mmanụ a na-enweta uru dị ka njupụta na kwesịrị ekwesị maka nchekwa, ma o nwere obere ume kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu, nke bụ nnukwu nsogbu na ikpe nke ihe mberede. Ke adianade do, Soviet na-edu ndú nwere mmasị ịchụkwudo na United States - na USSR nnukwu engines na mmiri mmiri oxygen na hydrogen, mgbe nke abụọ na nke atọ nkebi nke "Saturn V» na-eji dị ka isi engine "Space mgbagharị. " Nwere obere n'afọ ofufo, nwere obere n'ihi na nke a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nsogbu, ma Glushko ya nwere inye ya esemokwu na Queen, onye maka afọ asatọ dị ka e nwere adịkwaghị ndụ.

10 afọ nke mmepe

N'elu ọzọ afọ iri (na nke a bụ ogologo, ma ọ bụghị nke ukwuu: ka "Saturn V» were afọ asaa) NPO "Energia" ewepụtala a oke isi ogbo. Mpụta boosters ndị dịtụ mfe, nta ma mee engines maka mmiri mmiri oxygen na manu oku, ihe e kere eke nke Soviet Union ama a akwa ahụmahụ, nke mere na dum rọketi dị njikere maka ya mbụ ụgbọ elu na October 1986.

N'ụzọ dị mwute, e nweghị payload maka ya. Ọ bụ ezie na mmepe nke "Energy" na e nwere ụfọdụ nsogbu na ọnọdụ nke mgbagharị "Buran" bụ nnọọ njọ - ọ bụ ọbụna nso ẹkụre. Ka a ghọta na aha "Energy" e ji ụgbọelu rọketi na ohere ụgbọelu. Ebe a na kemfe atọ Glushko. Rọketi enweghị na-eche maka ọkara nke ọzọ ga-adị njikere. Ke akpatre isua nke ya e kere eke, e kpebiri ime a na-agba ọsọ na-enweghị "Buran".

"Polyus" ogwe aka agbụrụ

ọhụrụ payload "Polyus" e kere n'etiti n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1985 na mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1986. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtọ ibu ngọngọ Vladimir Chelomeya redeveloped si ohere ebe modul na na-na-akpachi anya na modul nke ISS "Zarya". "Polyus" e bu n'obi ka a dịgasị iche iche nke nwere, ma ya isi ọrụ bụ iji nwalee 1-MW carbon dioxide laser - ngwá agha, mepụtara na Soviet Union kemgbe 1983. N'eziokwu, ihe nile bụ ihe dị ka na-eyi egwu dị ka ọ na-ada, ebe ọ bụ na USSR katọrọ United States maka Strategic Defense Initiative, na Mikhail Gorbachev achọghị n'ihe ize ndụ ihe America nwere ike ịmụta banyere agha see. Summit na Reykjavík biri na October 1986, na mba bịara nso buu Mbelata nke ngwá agha nuklia, na December 1987 ha na-ekwubi nkwekọrịta na Mbelata na-ajụ-nso agba. Dị iche iche na laser mmiri na-ama ụma na-eji, bụ naanị ike soro zaa, na ọbụna Gorbachev iwu ahụmahụ site na ịga Baikonur maka ụbọchị ole na ole tupu mmalite. Otú ọ dị, Gorbachev obia dugara ntoputa nke a iwu aha agba (dị ka megide ahụ bu n'obi mgbagharị): okwu "Energy" pụtara na ahu ya obere oge tupu mbata nke Secretary General.

software njehie

The mbụ igba egbe nke ụgbọelu rọketi "Energy" Ẹkenịm May 15, 1987 N'ihi na nke mbụ ole na ole sekọnd nke ụgbọ elu, tupu ship hapụrụ igba egbe na mpe mpe akwa, ọ bụ otú ahụ kpebisiri, ma na ọ gbanwee ọnọdụ ya mgbe egbe nke agha àgwà akara usoro. Mgbe ahụ, "Energy" ama mara mma, Bilie a otu na-egbu maramara, na ngwa ngwa okụrede n'ime ala n'ígwé ojii. Boosters iche n'ụzọ ziri ezi (ọ bụ ezie na a na ụgbọ elu ọzọ ha na-adịghị onwem na a parachute, nke ga-ekwe ka ha re-eji), na mgbe ahụ ka isi ogbo ekpe na mpaghara nke nọchiri ihu. Mgbe ọkụ rọketi iche na "osisi" na, dị ka atụmatụ, ọ dara n'ime Pacific Ocean.

"Polyus" ntukwasi 80 tọn, na iru orbit, o nwere ẹkedori ya rọketi engine. N'ihi na nke a ọ dị mkpa iji mee ka a uzo nke 180 ogo, ma n'ihi a omume njehie mgbe malite na modul ga-anọgide na-agba ọsọ, kama ime ka a elu orbit, ọ dara n'okpuru. Ibu modul na jiri na Pacific Ocean.

Ịga nke Ọma?

Ọ bụ ezie na mmalite-elu na-emezughị, agha ahụ n'onwe ya bụ ngụkọta nke ọma. Ọrụ na "Buran" aka iso na n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dechara mgbagharị (njikere ofufe, ma ike n'ịwa ezu ike maka naanị otu ụbọchị na orbit) e jikọọ na abụọ rọketi ẹkedori ihe unmanned ozi November 15, 1988. Na rọketi "Energy" ọzọ na-agba ọsọ zuru okè (na a mgbanwe ke software na ga-egbochi ize ndụ ná mkpọda ná mmalite), na a oge ya payload nwekwara mere tụkwasịrị, "Buran" na-akpaghị aka kwụsị na Baikonur, na-ebu abụọ ibe gburugburu Earth awa atọ na iri abụọ na ise nkeji mgbe e mesịrị.

N'ihi ya, na mmalite nke 1989, Soviet Union nwere ike kacha ike rọketi, ka-enweghị atụ. Ọ nwere ike na-agba ọsọ mgbagharị payload yiri ibu American orbiters, na ya onwe ya pụrụ iduga a ala n'ụwa orbit 88 tọn ibu, ma ọ bụ napụta tọn 32 na ọnwa (tụnyere 118 m na 45 m si "Saturn V» na 92, 7 m na 23,5 m si H-1). Ọ e zubere ka n'ihu dịkwuo a index ruo 100 tọn, na-arụ ọrụ E duziri guzosie pụrụ iche ibu ogige emegharị kama nke "osisi". A nta version nke agha, na-akpọ "Energy-M ', na otu engine na abụọ boosters nwekwara n'ime ikpeazụ ogbo nke mmepe, ma nwee ike na-erite a payload arọ ruo 34 tọn.

oké ọnụ

The ida nke Soviet Union aghọwo a kasị akpata ngo ọdịda. Naanị mgbe ọ na-amalite na-na ụkwụ ya, ma mkpa iji chebe nche ọdịmma nke ndị superpowers emi okụrede ka ego mkpa maka nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọzọ. Nsogbu ọzọ bụ na "Zenith" boosters na-arụpụtara site na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị na ndị ụlọrụ nọọrọ onwe Ukraine.

Otú ọ dị, ọbụna tupu rọketi "Energy" aghọwo-ewu ewu ezuru - ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ofufe na Ọnwa, na nrigo-agba ya gburugburu 100 tọn ibu bụ na-enweghị isi. Anyị shuttles nke e mepụtara na akpa ebe bụ otu ọghọm dị ka US ụgbọ mbara igwe, ma na roketi enweghị uru nke a nanị ọnọdụ, dị ka ọ bụ na US tupu mgbawa nke "Challenger" ke 1986.

iti-nkpu nke obi nkoropụ

Obi nkoropụ oru Ngo "Energy" ike deere ya chọrọ ọzọ:

• Agba ntinye oke lasers iji weghachi ozone Layer ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ.
• Iwuli na ọnwa isi n'ihi na mmepụta nke helium-3-eji na anọ na ngwa agha, mepụtara mba ofesi Constrium, nke ga-adị njikere site 2050.
• Launch nke nọrọ mmanụ nuklia n'ime "mounds" on a heliocentric orbit.

Na ọgwụgwụ ya gbadata ajụjụ nke ihe nwere ike agha, nke nwere ike ime ka nta, dị ọnụ ala karịa ugboelu - ọ bụla na-amalite "Energy" na-eri 240 nde $, ọbụna na-overvalued ọnụego nke ruble megide dollar ke mbubreyo '80s. Ọ bụrụ na ndị na-ebupụta e mere naanị mgbe ọ dị mkpa, na ọdịnaya nke osisi n'ihi na mmepụta nke akụ ụta ga-abụ a okomoko na ma Soviet Union ma ọ bụ Russia enweghị ego.

Pyrrhic mmeri

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekweta na ozizi na Soviet Union kụtusịa na akpa ebe n'ihi ihe isi ike ego, ọ pụkwara ịbụ ihe ezi uche na-ekwu na "Energy-Buran" bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-akpatara ndị a ida. Atumatu oru ngo a bụ ihe atụ nke na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na emefu na bibie Soviet Union, na ọnọdụ ya wee na ịdị adị ezere mmejuputa dị otú ahụ oru ngo.

N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ pụrụ ịbụ na-arụ ụka na ihe kasị mmebi kpatara superpower mmeghachi omume Mikhail Gorbachev na ọnọdụ ego nke mba ahụ, na Soviet Union ga ịnọgide na-ugbu a, ọ bụ ezie na Politburo mgbe Konstantin Chernenko gawa site onye ọzọ.

kwere omume ziri ezi

Ịhapụ esịk kediegwu echiche e kwuru n'elu, "Energy" a pụrụ iji maka launching n'ime orbit nke otu ma ọ bụ a ole na ole nnukwu ohere ebe modul, nke ga-ahụ na rụchaa ụlọ modul mmepụta site na iji a Nchikota "Energia-Buran": ke mbubreyo 1991, Station " Mir-2 "arụgharịrị ọhụrụ iji 30-ton modul.

Na-ekwe omume na-ewu nwere a nta nko, nke ga-adịghị dị na mpụta, mgbe ke n'ihu akụkụ nke rọketi.

Glushko ọnụego na Soviet ohere omume, dị ka mere tupu, ga na-aga site a oge mgbanwe, bụ nke ziri ezi. Mgbe na-emepe emepe na ugboelu na igba egbe ugbo ala n'ihi na ụfọdụ ọzọ ihe n'ụzọ dị irè, akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosi na mgbe ha e kere eke na-ebilite na ụzọ ọhụrụ nke na-eji ha. Glushko nwụrụ January 10, 1989, na-erughị ọnwa abụọ mgbe "ike" nke abụọ na nke ikpeazụ ụgbọ elu.

"Zenith" otuto

Ruo taa, "Energy" ọ dịghị-anọchi ya. "Zenith", mee ka ya ome osooso - dị ọnụ ala-esikwu nke ụwa (2500-3600 $ kwa kilogram). Na 2010, NGO "Energy" zụta a na-ekere òkè Constrium "Sea Launch" ma ugbu a, maka na-ebupụta si osimiri nyiwe, nakwa dị ka Baikonur Cosmodrome na Kazakhstan.

Rd-170, e mere maka "Zenith" na "Energy" bụ onye nke kasị mma rọketi engines. Ya mgbanwe nwere ike ịnya isi a South Korean "naro-1", na Russian ụgbọelu rọketi "Angara" na American "Atlas nke V", nke na-abụghị nanị na-eji maka na nkà mmụta sayensị na nzube, dị ka na-anapụta ndị rover "Kyuriositi" na egbe nke nyocha "New horizons" Pluto kamakwa US agha. Nke ahụ bụ ihe dị iche n'etiti 1988 na taa.