The akwara center: Njirimara na ụdị

The ụjọ usoro na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na huu ike n'ezi ihe nke organism, nakwa dị ka ya iwu. Ndị a Filiks na-rụrụ anatomical na n'ahụ mgbagwoju, gụnyere CNS (Central ụjọ usoro). O nwere a aha - akwara center. Properties na ọ e ji: occlusion, Central efe, mgbanwe ọnụego. Ha na a ole na ole ndị ọzọ ga-enyoba na a n'isiokwu a.

Echiche nke akwara center na ya Njirimara

Na mbụ, anyị mata isi ọrụ nke ụjọ usoro - tụnyere. Ọ bụ omume n'ihi na Ọdịdị nke ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ. Ka ihe atụ, akụkụ okuku ume na akwara center nke onye Njirimara - innervation akụkụ okuku ume (inspiratory na expiratory). Ọ na-emi odude ke anọ ventricle, na reticular guzobere (medulla oblongata). Dị ka nnyocha site N. A. Mislavskogo, ọ mejupụtara symmetrically enịm akụkụ maka inhalation na ume e kupụrụ ekupụ.

Na elu nkebi nke pons pnevmotaksichesky bụ iche, nke achịkwakwa na aforesaid akụkụ na owuwu nke ụbụrụ na-ahụ maka akụkụ okuku ume na mmegharị. N'ihi ya, n'ozuzu Njirimara nke akwara emmepe-enye ụkpụrụ nke n'ahụ ọrụ nke ahu: obi ọrụ, excretion, respiration na mgbaze.

Ozizi nke ike orunótu nke ọrụ I. P. Pavlova

Dị ka echiche nke ọkà mmụta sayensị, kama mfe mpiaji omume nọ cortex na ọgidigi azụ anyịnya mpaghara. Mgbagwoju Filiks dị ka ebe nchekwa, asụsụ, na-eche, metụtara na ụfọdụ ebe nke ụbụrụ na bụ n'ihi integrative ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ebe. The n'ahụ Njirimara nke akwara emmepe na-eme ka e guzobere isi Filiks nke elu ụjọ ọrụ. Na neuroscience, site na anatomical echiche, akụkụ nke Central ụjọ usoro, esịnede akụkụ nke afferent na efferent akwara ozi ndị bịara mara dị ka akwara emmepe. Ha na-atụle a Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị P. K. Anohin etolite ọtọ usoro (mkpakọrịta akwara ozi na-arụ ọrụ yiri ọrụ ma na nke nwere ike dị na akụkụ dị iche iche nke Central ụjọ usoro).

irradiation excitation

N'ịnọgide na-amụ isi Njirimara nke akwara emmepe n'ụdị stop Mgbasa nke abụọ isi Filiks na-erukwa na akwara anụ ahụ na - na excitation na mgbochi. Ọ na-akpọ irradiation. Ọ bụrụ na ike nke ihe mkpali na oge nke ndaba nnukwu akwara esi gboo diverge neurocytes-spikes, nakwa dị ka akwara ozi. Ha ikpokọta afferent na efferent neurocytes, na-eme continuity nke mpiaji arcs.

Tụlee mgbochi (dị ka akwara emmepe onwunwe) na ihe zuru ezu. Reticular guzobere nke ụbụrụ na-enye ma irradiation na ndị ọzọ na Njirimara nke akwara emmepe. Physiology akọwa ihe mere na-egbochi ma ọ bụ na-egbochi mgbasa nke excitation. Dị ka ihe atụ, ọnụnọ nke inhibitory synapses na neurocytes. Ndị a owuwu nwere mkpa echebe ọrụ, si otú mbenata ihe ize ndụ nke overdriving nke skeletal muscle ike ịga na spasmodic ọnọdụ.

Mgbe ọ tụlesịrị ihe excitation irradiation, ọ dị mkpa icheta na-esonụ atụmatụ nke akwara na-akwadoghị akwado. Ọ na-akpali naanị site centripetal ka centrifugal neuron (maka dvuhneyronnoy, mpiaji aak). Ọ bụrụ na ndị mpiaji bụ ihe mgbagwoju, ụbụrụ ma ọ bụ ọgidigi azụ interneurons ii - intercalary akwara mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha na-obi ụtọ nke afferent neurocyte wee na-ebunye ya moto akwara mkpụrụ ndụ. Na synapses bioelectric unidirectional pulses ka ha kwaga si akpa presynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ nke a akwara cell, dịrị gaba n'ime ebe na synaptic mkpịwa, na site na ya - na postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ nke ọzọ neurocyte.

Nkwubi nke akwara esi gboo

Anyị na-anọgide na-amụ Njirimara nke akwara emmepe. Physiology nke isi ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ, ịbụ ndị kasị mkpa na mgbagwoju alaka nke nkà mmụta ọgwụ, na-amụ conduction nke excitation site a collection akwara ozi na-arụ ọrụ nkịtị ọrụ. Ha Njirimara - nkwubi nwere ike temporal ma ọ bụ gbasara ohere. N'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ, na-adịghị ike akwara esi gboo mere site subliminal stimuli na-kwukwara (chịkọtara). Nke a na-eduga ná ukwuu ntọhapụ nke ụmụ irighiri nke acetylcholine ma ọ bụ ọzọ ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi, nke site na ihe nwere na neurocytes.

mgbanwe ọnụego

Nke a na okwu na-ezo aka mgbanwe ke excitation ugboro, nke na-aga site na okụre CNS akwara ozi. Otu n'ime ihe ndị Filiks na ya mara na Njirimara nke akwara emmepe - mgbanwe ọnụego pulses nke nwere ike ime n'ihi na nkesa nke excitation maka ọtụtụ akwara ozi ogologo Filiks nke na-etolite na kọntaktị ohere na onye akwara cell (mgbanwe improver). Ọ bụrụ na e a otu neuron na ihe nwere dị ka a n'ihi nke nkwubi nke excitation postsynaptic nwere - okwu banyere ẹsụhọde mgbanwe ọnụego.

Divergence na Convergence excitation

Ha nwere ihe jikọrọ Filiks na ya mara na Njirimara nke akwara emmepe. Nchikota mpiaji ọrụ bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na neuron n'out oge na-enweta ihe pulses si dị iche iche analyzers anabata: visual, olfactory na akpụkpọ-muscle uche. Na akwara mkpụrụ ndụ, ha na-atụle ihe chịkọtara na bioelectric potentials. Ndị, n'aka nke ya, agafere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụbụrụ reticular guzobere. Nke a dị mkpa usoro a na-akpọ convergence.

Otú ọ dị, onye ọ bụla neuron enweta gboo bụghị naanị site mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ, kamakwa forms synapses na agbata obi neurocytes. Nke a na onu nke divergence. Ma Njirimara enye mgbasa nke excitation na CNS. N'ihi ya, ozuzu oke nke akwara nke ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-arụ ọrụ nkịtị ọrụ - bụ akwara center, Njirimara nke nke anyị na-atụle. Ọ na-enye iwu nke niile na akụkụ na usoro nke ahụ mmadụ.

ndabere ọrụ

N'ahụ Njirimara nke akwara emmepe, otu onye nke na-akọ n'amaghi, i.e. guzobe a ndabere electric pulses akwara ozi, n'ihi na ihe atụ, akụkụ okuku ume ma ọ bụ digestive center, n'ihi na peculiarities nke ihe owuwu ahụ n'onwe ya nke ụjọ anụ ahụ. Ọ bụ ike nke na onwe-ọgbọ nke bioelectric Filiks nke excitation ọbụna enweghị ezigbo stimuli. Ọ bụ n'ihi na divergence na convergence nke excitation, atụle mbụ, neurocytes enweta gboo si akwara emmepe nke obi ụtọ postsynaptic Relations otu reticular guzobere nke ụbụrụ.

Ịrụ ọrụ nwere ike mere site acetylcholine microdoses abanye neuron si synaptic mkpịwa. Convergence, divergence, ndabere ọrụ, na ndị ọzọ Njirimara nke akwara center na àgwà ha na-adabere na na metabolism larịị ke neurocytes na glia.

Ụdị nkwubi excitation

Ha na-atụle n'isiokwu na-ọrụ nke I. M. Sechenova, bụ ndị gosiri na na mpiaji nwere ike ime ka ọtụtụ na-adịghị ike (subliminal) stimuli, bụ nke na-ezu na-akwara center. Njirimara nke ya na mkpụrụ ndụ, ya bụ na ndị Central enyemaka na occlusion, na a ga-atụle site na anyị ọzọ.

Na n'otu oge mmalite nke centripetal Filiks na omume bụ ukwuu karịa som nchikota nke stimuli ike ime onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a emep uta eri. Nke a ihe onwunwe a maara dị ka Central enyemaka. Ọ bụrụ na ihe pessimal irritants, n'agbanyeghị na ha dị ike ma ugboro, na-akpata a ọnụ ke nzaghachi - bụ occlusion. Ọ bụ inverse nke nkwubi nke excitation onwunwe ma na-ebelata ike nke akwara esi gboo. N'ihi ya, Njirimara nke akwara emmepe - Central enyemaka occlusion - adabere na Ọdịdị nke ahụ synaptic ngwa esịnede a fọrọ (Central) mpaghara na subthreshold (elu) rim.

Ike ọgwụgwụ nke ụjọ anụ ahụ nke ya ọrụ

The physiology nke ụjọ emmepe, na definition, na ụdị na-Njirimara ama ekpep mbụ ma okụre pụta ụwa akwara ozi agaghị ezu ezu ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-adịghị ewere ihe dị otú ahụ dị ka ike ọgwụgwụ. Akwara emmepe amanye gabiga onwe ya na-aga n'ihu usoro nke pulses, na-enye ndị mpiaji Njirimara nke ụjọ Central usoro. N'ihi nke ufiop metabolic Filiks rụrụ ke idem nke neuron na glia na, e nwere otu ìgwè nke na-egbu egbu metabolic wastes. Ndakpọ nke inweta ọbara akwara okụre emekwa a ọnụ ke ọrụ ha ruru erughi nke oxygen na glucose. Ya onyinye mmepe nke ike ọgwụgwụ na-eme ka akwara emmepe nwekwara ebe cell kọntaktị - synapses na ngwa ngwa belata ntọhapụ nke neurotransmitters na synaptic mkpịwa.

The Jenesis nke akwara emmepe

Okụre neurocytes positioned na Central ụjọ usoro na nwere a ịhazi ọrụ ke ọrụ nke organism, ata anatomical na n'ahụ mgbanwe. Ha kọwara ihe na-amụba mgbagwoju anya nke n'ahụ na psychological na ọrụ na-eme n'oge a ná ndụ mmadụ. Mgbanwe ndị kasị ukwuu na-emetụta afọ e ji mara nke Njirimara nke ụjọ emmepe, anyị na-ahụ mmepe nke ndị dị otú ahụ mkpa Filiks dị ka bipedalism, okwu na echiche dị iche iche bụ Homo sapiens si ndị ọzọ so na klas nke mammals. Dị ka ihe atụ, okwu guzobere pụtara na afọ atọ mbụ nke ndụ. N'ịbụ a mgbagwoju conglomerate nke oyi na-aghọ nkọ, ọ na-kpụrụ na ndabere nke stimuli aghọta proprioceptors uru nke ire, egbugbere ọnụ na-akwara ụda olu nke ogwooro na akụkụ okuku ume na akwara. Site na njedebe nke n'afọ nke atọ nke a ndụ nwa ha niile na-ezukọta n'ime a ọtọ usoro, nke na-agụnye jikọrọ ọnụ ala atọgbọrọworị na isi nke usụhọde frontal gyrus. Ọ na-e-akpọ Broca si ebe.

Ke kpụworo okwu ọrụ metụtara na ebe ndị ka elu temporal gyrus (Wernicke si center). The ụtọ si akwara endings nke okwu ngwa abatakwa moto, visual na auditory emmepe nke ụbụrụ cortex, ebe ọ kpụrụ okwu emmepe.