Northeast Russia: ihe gbasara onye isi, omenala, akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmepe nke region

Iji chọpụta gbasara ohere alaeze otu rus biri n'etiti Volga na Oka na IX-XII ọtụtụ narị afọ, akụkọ ihe mere eme e kuchiri n'ime eji okwu ahụ bụ "North-Eastern Russia". Ọ na-ezo n'ala dina n'ime Rostov na Suzdal, Vladimir. Na ọdabara nwekwara otu okwu, na-atụgharị uche na mkpakọrịta nke ala owuwu dị iche iche afọ - "Rostov-Suzdal", "Vladimir-Suzdal ihe gbasara onye isi," na "The Grand Duchy nke Vladimir." Na nkera nke abụọ nke Iri na Atọ na narị afọ Russia, nke a na-akpọ North-East, n'ezie na-akwụsị ịdị adị - na so mee ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha mere.

Grand isi Rostov

All atọ nke ihe gbasara onye isi nke Northeast Russia pooled N'otu ala ahụ, gbanwere ihe karịrị afọ ma isi obodo na-achị achị. Obodo mbụ na-ọkọbọpde ke a n'akụkụ, a Rostov, na ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị aha ya ụbọchị azụ 862 BC. e. Tupu ya okobot ebo biri Meria, na ihe nile nke na Finno-Ugric iche iche. Slavic ebo dị otú ahụ a picture bụ na mkpụrụ obi, na ha - krivichi, vyatichi, Ilmen Slovenia - ndidi ifịk ifịk ịchị ya n'ala.

Mgbe e guzobere Rostov, nke bụ n'etiti ise kasị obodo n'okpuru ọchịchị nke onye isi nke Kiev, Oleg, aha Meria na obodo nta ndị obere yiri ka na-egosi na ihe ndekọ. Ụfọdụ oge Rostov chịrị proteges nke Kievan isi, ma na 987 na ihe gbasara onye isi na-ama na-achị Yaroslav Mudry - nwa Vladimir, onye-isi nke Kiev. Na 1010-nke - Boris. Ruo mgbe 1125, mgbe isi obodo e zigara si Rostov na Suzdal ihe gbasara onye isi gafere site n'aka inye ndị na-achị Kiev, o nwere onwe ya na-achị achị. The kasị ama Rostov isi - Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky - mere a otutu mmepe nke North-Eastern Russia, dugara ọganihu nke ala nke a, ma n'oge na-adịghị otu Dolgoruky kpaliri ndị isi obodo na Suzdal, ebe ọ na-achị ruo mgbe 1149. Ma ha na-wuru ọtụtụ castles na chọọchị ke ẹbọ nke otu serf Ọdịdị na a dara nha otosịrị iru, ndị squat. Mgbe Dolgoruky mepụtara dere asụsụ, nkà na crafts.

Hapụrụ Rostov

Rostov uru bụ, Otú ọ dị, ezi ịrịba maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị afọ. Na ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị 913-988 afọ. nkịtị okwu bụ "Rostov ala" - ebe ọgaranya egwuregwu, crafts, handicrafts, osisi na nkume ije. The 991 bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ochie dioceses na Russia - Rostov - e guzobere ebe a abụghị na mberede. N'oge ahụ, ndị obodo ahụ bụ na etiti nke ihe gbasara onye isi nke North-Eastern Russia, ada kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ahia na ndị ọzọ niile na Rostov enuga ndị ọrụ nkà, na-ewu ụlọ, gunsmiths ... All Russian isi gbalịrị ime ka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma agha. N'ebe nile, karịsịa n'ime ime obodo si Kiev ala, na-akwalite a okwukwe ọhụrụ.

Mgbe na-akpụ akpụ Yuriya Dolgorukogo na Suzdal Rostov mgbe Izyaslav Mstislavovich iwu, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na mmetụta nke obodo ahụ mechara bịara ka ọ la n'iyì, na ọ malitere na ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị banyere nnọọ obere. Center Duchy ọkara narị afọ zigara Suzdal.

The feudal ama wuru mansions maka onwe ha, mgbe ndị ọrụ nkà na nkịtị na-ahụsi anya osisi huts. Ha n'ebe obibi ha ọzọ dị ka cellars, ihe n'ụlọ ọtụtụ ndị ji osisi. Ma na udo ụlọ Lucin mụrụ-enweghị atụ, uwe, luxuries. All na a maara, mụụrụ na otú icho mma ha elu, rụrụ aka nke nkịtị na ndị ọrụ nkà. Wonderful omenala nke North-Eastern Russia e kere n'okpuru akịrịka osisi huts.

Rostov-Suzdal

N'oge mkpirikpi ruo etiti nke North-Eastern Russia ọ bụ Suzdal ihe gbasara onye isi nwere ịchị na niile atọ nke onyeisi. Na mgbakwunye na juri, ụmụ ya - cornflowers YU na Andrew YU, utu aha Bogolyubsky, na mgbe ahụ, mgbe nyefe nke isi obodo ka Vladimir (na 1169) na Suzdal afọ chịrị Mstislav Rostislavovich Bezoky, ma ọrụ pụrụ iche ọ na-egwuri na Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme. Isi nile nke Northeast Russia sitere Rurik, ma ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla a kwesịrị ụdị.

The ọhụrụ isi obodo nke ihe gbasara onye isi nke Rostov bụ ubé tọrọ na mbụ kwuru na dị ka Suzhdal. Ọ na-kweere na obodo natara aha ya site okwu "zuru ike", ma ọ bụ "na-ewu". The oge mbụ mgbe e guzobere Suzdal bụ a wusiri ike na nnukwu ụlọ na-achịkwa ndị isi gọvanọ. Ke akpa isua nke XII narị afọ, e nwere kemgbe ụfọdụ mmepe nke obodo, mgbe uto nwayọọ nwayọọ ma n'ezie adalata. Na na 1125, dị ka ekwuola, na Yuri Dolgoruky hapụrụ ozugbo oké Rostov.

Mgbe Yuri, onye na-mma mara dị ka nchoputa nke Moscow, e nwere ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia omume. Ya mere, ọ bụ n'oge ọchịchị Dolgoruky Northeast ihe gbasara onye isi wee kewapụrụ Kiev ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. A nnukwu ọrụ a na-egwuri na otu n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom Yuri - Andrew Bogolyubskii ahụ dị nsọ patrimony hụrụ n'anya nna chere onwe m na-enweghị ya.

The agha megide ma ama na ndị oke nke isi obodo ọhụrụ nke Russia

Atụmatụ Yuriya Dolgorukogo, na nke ọ hụrụ ya okenye, na-achị achị n'ebe ndịda alaeze, na tọrọ - nke nna ukwu nke Rostov na Suzdal, na emeghị-emezu. Ma ọrụ ha bụ na ụzọ ụfọdụ e ọbụna ihe ịrịba ama. Ya mere, Andrew mara ọkwa onwe ya dị ka a maara na anya-ahụ ụzọ nke ọma onye na-achị. Ya na-emebi agwa kpọliri ka nwere ndị òtù ya osisi nke a ma ama, ma ebe a Bogolyubskii kwuru na ha na uche site na-akpụ akpụ isi obodo si Suzdal ka Vladimir, wee were onwe ya Kiev na 1169.

Otú ọ dị, isi obodo nke Kievan rus bụghị dọtara onye a. Ebe ndibọhọ ma ndị obodo na aha "Grand Duke", ọ na-anọ na Kiev, na kụrụ ya gọvanọ nwanne ya nke nta Gleb. Rostov na Suzdal, o nwekwara a obere ọrụ ke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ ndị ahụ, dị ka site na oge isi obodo nke North-Eastern Russia bụ Vladimir. Nke a obodo Andrei họọrọ ya biri na 1155, ogologo oge tupu mmeri nke Kiev. Si n'ebe ndịda isi, ebe ọ na-achị ruo oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-ada ka Vladimir na akara ngosi nke Nne nke Chineke nke Vyshgorod, nke na-nnọọ na-asọpụrụ.

Oke nke isi obodo anọwo nnọọ na-aga nke ọma: fọrọ nke nta ka narị afọ abụọ, obodo ẹkenịmde n'ọbụ aka na Russia. Rostov na Suzdal nọ na-agbalị inweta onwe ebube mbụ, ma, ọbụna mgbe ọnwụ nke Andrew, onye otuto dị ka Onye Ukwu Duke ghọtara na fọrọ nke nta niile Russian ala, ma e wezụga na Chernigov na Galic, ha emeghị.

infighting

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Andreya Bogolyubskogo Suzdal na Rostov Gwa ụmụ nke Rostislav Yurevich - Yaropolk na Mstislav - na olileanya na ha na-achị ga-alaghachi obodo ebube mbụ ya, ma na nọworo ịdị n'otu nke North-Eastern Russia erubeghị.

Vladimir chịrị tọrọ umu Yuriya Dolgorukogo - Mikhalkov na Vsevolod. Erule oge isi obodo ọhụrụ nke ukwu ike ya pụtara. Andrew mere a ukwuu na-eme: ọma mepụtara a na-ewu, n'oge ọchịchị ya, e wuru ama Cathedral nke mwere, o ji ọbụna chọrọ oruru nke a dị iche iche archdiocese ya ihe gbasara onye isi na na iche iche si Kiev.

North-Eastern Russia n'oge ọchịchị Bogolyubsky ghọrọ center nke ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala, na mgbe e mesịrị ntọala nke oké Russian ala. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Andrew nke Smolensk na Ryazan isi Mstislav na Jaropolk - umu otu n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom Dolgoruky Rostislav nwara ijide ike na Vladimir, ma ha ụmụnne papa Michael na Vsevolod di ike. Ke adianade do, ha na-akwado site na Prince Chernigovskiy Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Civil agha dịgidere ruo ihe karịrị afọ atọ, mgbe nke Vladimir nwetara ọnọdụ nke isi-obodo nke North-East nke Russia, ekpe, na Suzdal, Rostov na ihe nketa ebutere alaeze.

Si Kiev na Moscow

North-ọwụwa anyanwụ ala nke Russia totaled site na mgbe a ọtụtụ obodo na obodo nta. Ya mere, isi obodo ọhụrụ e hiwere na 990 site Vladimirom Svyatoslavovichem ọbụna dị ka Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Ụfọdụ afọ iri abụọ mgbe ya tọọ ntọala, obodo, otu akụkụ nke Rostov-Suzdal ihe gbasara onye isi, emeghị ka ukwuu mmasị n'ebe ndị ahụ na-achị achị isi (ruo 1108). N'oge a, ọ wee ike nke ọzọ isi - Vladimir Monomakh. Ọ e ọdịda nke obodo ọnọdụ nke akwụkwọ ebe nke North-Eastern Russia.

The eziokwu na nke a obere obodo ga-emecha ghọọ isi obodo nke Russian ala, ike na-atụrụ ime nke ọ bụla. O were ọtụtụ afọ tupu Andrew mịịrị ntị na ya ma kwaga isi obodo nke ya ihe gbasara onye isi, nke ọ ga-fọrọ nke nta ka narị afọ abụọ.

Kemgbe ahụ, Grand Duke nke Vladimir malitere uku, kama Kiev, oge ochie isi obodo nke Russia tụfuru ya isi ọrụ, ma mmasị ọ na-adịghị efu n'etiti ndi-isi. Dezie Kiev maka ihe ùgwù na-asọpụrụ onye ọ bụla. Ma site n'etiti XIV narị afọ ozugbo ná mpụga obodo ahụ nke Vladimir-Suzdal ihe gbasara onye isi - Moscow - nwayọọ nwayọọ ma n'ezie malitere-ebili. Vladimir otu dị ka n'oge Rostov na Suzdal, wee - ida ya mmetụta. O sokwa a ọtụtụ ịkwaga na-acha ọcha-nkume nke Metropolitan Peter na 1328. Isi Northeast Russia agha n'etiti onwe ha, na Moscow na Tver isi mere ha kacha mma iji merie Vladimir uru nke isi obodo nke Russian ala.

The njedebe nke XIV narị afọ ndị ji eziokwu ahụ bụ na obodo ndị nwe nwere ihe ùgwù na-akpọ Grand Duke nke Moscow, otú Moscow uru n'elu obodo ndị ọzọ bịara doo anya. Grand Duke Vladimir Dmitry Donskoy ikpeazụ yi aha, mgbe nile ndị na-achị Russia nwere uku Grand Duke nke Moscow. N'ihi ya biri mmepe nke North-Eastern Russia dị ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha, ọbụna overriding na ihe gbasara onye isi.

Ndinuak ugboro dị ike ihe gbasara onye isi

Mgbe na-akpụ akpụ Moscow Metropolitan Vladimir ihe gbasara onye isi e kewara. Vladimir Suzdal isi nye Alexander, Veliky Novgorod na Kostroma were n'okpuru ọchịchị ya na Prince of Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Yury Dolgoruky ka chọrọ mejuputa n'otu nke North-Eastern Russia na Novgorod Ukwu - na ọgwụgwụ, ọ mere, ma ọ bụghị n'ihi na ogologo.

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Suzdal Prince Alexander, na 1331, ya na ala ya gafere ndi-isi nke Moscow. Na afọ 10 mgbe e mesịrị, na 1341-m, ókèala ndị mbụ North-Eastern Russia na-ọzọ redistribution: Nizhny Novgorod gara Suzdal ka Gorodets, Vladimir na ihe gbasara onye isi ka mgbe nọgidere n'azụ Moscow-achị achị, bụ ndị na-ahụ, dị ka ekwuola, nwekwara yi Great aha. N'ihi ya bilie ndị Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal ihe gbasara onye isi.

Trekking na North-East rus isi si n'ebe ndịda na center nke mba ahụ, ha militancy, nyere obere ka mmepe nke ọdịbendị na nkà. Ma n'ebe nile na-ewu ọhụrụ n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ imewe nke eji ihe kacha mma usoro nke nkà na crafts. Ọ na-emepụta a na mba akwụkwọ nke icon sere na ihe e ji mara nke oge na-enwu gbaa yi ihe ịchọ mma, jikọtara na Byzantine sere.

Land-nwụchiri Russian Mongol

Ọtụtụ ọdachi ndị Russia me agha obodo, buso n'etiti onwe ha ndi-isi nke oge, ma ihe egwu nsogbu bịara Mongol na February 1238. The dum nke North-Eastern Russia (obodo nke Rostov, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver) e bụghị naanị bibiri - ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọkụ. The agha Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich-e tiwara detachment Temnik Burundi, onye-isi nwuru, na nwanne ya nwoke Yaroslav Vsevolod manyere n'okpuru niile Horde. Mongol-Tatars naanị chie mata ya dị ka nke mbụ n'ime ihe niile na-Russian isi, n'ezie, ihe nile ha refueled. Ntuli aka ndikan Russia na jisiri alanahụ Great Novgorod.

Na 1259, Alexander Nevsky nwere a onuogugu na Novgorod, azụlitewo a atụmatụ nke ọchịchị na na bụla o kwere omume n'ụzọ na-ewusi ya ọnọdụ. Mgbe afọ atọ gasịrị, na Yaroslavl, Rostov, Suzdal Pereyaslavl na Vladimir e gburu ọnaụtụ, ndị North-Eastern Russia wee ruo a akwụsị na atụmanya nke wakporo na mbibi. Nke a punitive ụfọdụ e ẹse - Alexander Nevsky onwe gara Horde na jisiri iji gbochie nsogbu, ma nwụrụ ụzọ azụ. Nke a mere na 1263. Naanị ndị agha ya jisiri ike ịnọgide na-enwe ụfọdụ ike n'ezi Vladimir ihe gbasara onye isi mgbe ọnwụ nke Alexander, ọ nyawara elu n'ime onwe ha fiefdoms.

Ntọhapụ nke Russia si yoke nke Tatars, ndị revival nke nkà na omenala development

Egwu ọ meela afọ ... Na otu aka - mbuso agha nke North-Eastern Russia, na ndị ọzọ na - na e nwere iso clashes ndụ isi maka ihe nketa nke ọhụrụ ala. Ahụhụ niile: na-achị achị na ha na-achị. Ntọhapụ pụọ na Mongol khans naanị bịa na 1362. Russian-Lithuanian agha n'okpuru iwu nke Duke Algirdas meriri ndị Tatars, displacing niile ndị a yiri nke agha na-akwagharị akwagharị si Vladimir-Suzdal, Muscovy, Pskov region na Novgorod mpaghara.

The afọ nọrọ n'okpuru yoke nke onye iro, nwere ọdachi: omenala nke North-Eastern Russia abịawo a zuru akwụsị. Mbibi nke obodo, mbibi nke ụka, mbibi nke a akụkụ buru ibu nke ndị bi na, dị ka a pụta - ọnwụ nke ụfọdụ iche iche nke crafts. Na abụọ na ọkara narị afọ kwụsịrị omenala na azụmahịa mmepe nke ala. Ọtụtụ ncheta nke osisi na nkume ije e gburu na ọkụ ma ọ bụ ndị nọ Horde. ọtụtụ nke usoro nke-ewu e efu, slesarstva na ndị ọzọ na crafts. Ọtụtụ ndekọ e dere n'anya enweghị a Chọpụta, emere n'ubọchi, nkà na crafts, sere wee a zuru akwụsị. O were ihe fọrọ nke nta ọkara otu narị afọ na-agbake obere na ike ịzọpụta. Ma mmepe nke ọhụrụ ụdị craft wee swiftly.

Ndị mmadụ bibiri ala jisiri ịnọgide na-enwe ya pụrụ iche na mba amata na ịhụnanya maka oge ochie omenala. N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ndị afọ dabere Tatars bu ihe mere ntoputa nke ọhụrụ dị iche iche nke nkà na crafts of Russia.

Ịdị n'Otu nke kụrụ n'ubi na ala

Mgbe ntọhapụ pụọ na yok nke ọzọ Russian isi wee erughị ala ha mkpebi ma kwadoo otu nke onwunwe ha na-alụbeghị di ala. Ụlọ Ọrụ nke Olee banyere anyị taa na nnwere onwe na-Russian omenala malitere Novgorod na Pskov ala. Ọ bụ ebe a na drained si n'ebe ndịda na etiti na mpaghara nke na-arụ ọrụ-afọ bi, na-eweta na ha ochie omenala nke ha omenala, ide, ije. Nke dị oké mkpa na ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala na revival nke ọdịbendị kemgbe mmetụta nke ndị Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi, nke nwere ọtụtụ nke akwụkwọ n'oge ochie, akwụkwọ, art.

Ndị na-ewu obodo na ụlọ arụsị, na e wusiri ike. Tver bụ ikekwe obodo mbụ na North-Eastern Russia, ebe nkume ewu malitere. Anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere owuwu nke chọọchị nke nnwogha ke ẹbọ nke Vladimir-Suzdal ije. Na nke ọ bụla obodo, tinyere iji chebe onwe owuwu ndị wuru chọọchị nakwa ebe obibi nke Onye Nzọpụta na wụfuru yl, Pita na Pọl na a-esiji akpụkpọ anụ, Basil na Hill na Pskov Epiphany na Zapskove na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. History of North-Eastern Russia e gosipụtara na nọgidere na ụlọ ndị a.

Sere di ndu Feofan Grek, Daniil Cherny na Andrei Rublev - ama Russian icon ese. Master ere goodu na recreate furu efu onwunwe, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ nkà na-arụ ọrụ mweghachi nke art nke na-eke mba ihe n'ụlọ, ọla, uwe. Ọtụtụ nke afọ abịawo ụbọchị anyị.