The kacha nta na kacha ogo ọxịdashọn nke bromine. Chemical Njirimara nke bromine

N'etiti niile chemical ọcha, ndị na-abụghị ọla nwere a pụrụ iche nọmba - halogens. Ndị a atọm nwetara ha aha pụrụ iche Njirimara na ha igosipụta na chemical interactions. Ndị a gụnyere:

• ayodiin;
• chloro;
• bromo;
• fluorine.

Chloro na fluoro - a-egbu egbu, haruru, nke nwere ike oxidizing ike. Ayodiin n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ bụ a crystalline umi ọchịchịrị-acha odo odo na agba na dara luster akpọ. Ọ na Njirimara nke a mbenata n'ụlọnga. Nke-anọ anya dị ka a okirikiri ọkụ n'isi? Gịnị bụ Njirimara nke bromine ogige kpụrụ ha na ndị e ji mara dị ka ihe mmewere, na dị ka a dị mfe umi? Gbalịa ịghọta.

Bromine: a n'ozuzu nkọwa nke mmewere

Dị ka urughuru nke oge usoro, bromo enyene a cell usoro nọmba 35. Ntem, dị ka akụkụ nke ya isi 35 protons na elektrọn shei accommodates otu nọmba nke electrons. The nhazi nke elu oyi akwa: 4s ^{2 5} p.

VII otu dị na isi sub-otu bụ akụkụ nke halogens - pụrụ iche Njirimara nke ìgwè nke chemical ọcha. Na ngụkọta e nwere banyere 28 dị iche iche ụdị atọm isotope. Mass nọmba mbio 67 na 94. The nkwado na kwụsie ike nakwa dị ka na-enwe mmeri na pasent nke ndammana mara na abụọ:

• bromo ⁷⁹ - 51% of ya;
• bromo ⁸¹ - 49% nke ya.
  

The nkezi atọm uka nke mmewere bụ hà 79,904 nkeji. Ogo ọxịdashọn nke bromine àmà site -1 ka +7. Ọ na-egosipụta ike oxidizing Njirimara, ma usụhọde ha na chlorine na fluorine, ayodiin ukwuu.

History of chọpụtara

Open a mmewere bụ mgbe e mesịrị ka ndị ọrụ ibe ha na subgroup. Site na oge ọ na-ama ama mara ihe banyere chlorine na ayodiin. Ònye mere ihe a chọpụtara? I nwere ike na-akpọ ozugbo atọ aha, dị ka nke ahụ bụ otú ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enwe ike synthesize fọrọ nke nta n'otu oge a ọhụrụ mmewere apụtawo ìhè n'ihu ekemende atụle atọm. Aha ndị a bụ:

• Antoine Jérôme Balard.
• Karl Levig.
• Yustus Libih.

Otú ọ dị, ndị ukara "nna" a na-ewere Balaram, akpa ebe ọ bụghị nanị na-natara na-kọwara, kamakwa iji zipu a na nkà mmụta sayensị ogbako nke chemists a ọhụrụ umi, nke bụ na-amaghị ama mmewere.

Antuan Balar e-eme nnyocha oké osimiri nnu mejupụtara. Ebu ya ọtụtụ chemical nwere, ọ na-otu ụbọchị gafee a ngwọta nke chloro na hụrụ na ụdị ụfọdụ a odo compound. Inweta nke a dị ka a ngwaahịa nke na mmekọrịta nke chlorine na ayodiin na ngwọta, ọ n'aga niru inyocha dapụtara ngwaahịa. Doro ndị na-esonụ e si agwọ ọrịa:

• Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ether;
• tinye ke potassium hydroxide ;
• esichara pyrolusite;
• M ẹkama na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid.

Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ọ natara a obodo brownish-acha uhie uhie na mmiri mmiri na onye wetara isi. Nke a bụ bromine. Ekem enye anam a nlezianya na-amụ banyere ahụ chemical e ji mara nke a umi. Mgbe zitere a akụkọ na ya, kọwara Njirimara nke bromine. The aha, nke nyere Balaram mmewere bụ murid, ma, ọ bụghị arapara.

Taa nkịtị aha nke a bromine atọm, nke si sụgharịa Latin pụtara "aṅụrụma ruru", "-esi ísì". Nke a na-n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-egosi na Njirimara nke ya mfe umi. Year nke oghere mmewere - 1825.

Ekwe Omume ogo ọxịdashọn nke bromine

Ndị i nwere ike ole na ole aha. Mgbe niile, ekele ya electronic nhazi, bromine nwere ike ịbụ ma oxidizing ma mbenata Njirimara, na a doro anya predominance nke mbụ. E nwere ise kwere omume nhọrọ na-:

• -1 - ala ọxịdashọn ogo bromine;
• +1;
• +2;
• 3;
• 5;
• 7.

Na ọdịdị, okosobode naanị ndị na ogige nke Ọdịdị mmewere na a na-ezighị ezi uche. 7 - kacha ogo bromine ọxịdashọn. Ya ọ na esịnede HBrO ₄ bromic acid na bromates ya salts (NaBrO _4). Ke ofụri ofụri, a ogo ọxịdashọn nke bromine bụ nnọọ obere, nakwa dị ka abụọ. Ma compound na -1; 3 na 5 - nnọọ nkịtị na ndị dị mkpa ọ bụghị nanị na na chemical ụlọ ọrụ, ma na-na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, injinịa na ndị ọzọ ndi nke aku na uba.

Bromine dị ka a dị mfe umi

N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ mmewere n'okpuru echiche bụ a diatomic molekul, Otú ọ dị, gas na mmiri mmiri. Nnọọ na-egbu egbu, fuming na ikuku, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ dị ezigbo wetara ísì ụtọ. Ọbụna di na nwunye na ala kasịnụ nwere ike ime ka Burns na akpụkpọ iyatesịt nke mucous membranes nke ahu. Ọ bụrụ na Otú ọ dị, gafere kwere ịgba, ọ bụ omume na ekochi ekochi na ọnwụ.

The chemical usoro nke a nyere ọmụmụ - br _2. O doro anya na ihe nnọchianya a kpụrụ si Greek aha nke item - bromos. Njikọ dị n'etiti otu atọm, covalent nonpolar. Dịtụ ukwuu atọm okirikiri, otú bromo mkpatụ ezi mfe. Nke a na-eme ka o kwe omume na-eji ya ọtụtụ ebe ná chemical syntheses, mgbe mgbe, dị ka a reagent na qualitative mkpebi siri ike nke organic ogige.

Na a dị mfe umi bụghị dị na uwa, ebe ọ na-adị mfe volatilized n'ụdị ọbara ọbara-agba aja aja na-ese na-enwe a corrosive mmetụta. Naanị n'ụdị a dịgasị iche iche nke multi-akụrụngwa usoro. Ogo ọxịdashọn nke bromine ogige nke iche iche iche iche na-adabere na mmewere nke na ọ bụ na-eme, i.e. na bụla umi.

nkịtị Njirimara

Àgwà ndị a nwere ike kwupụtara a ole na ole ihe.

1. Solubility na mmiri - nkezi, ma mma karịa ndị ọzọ halogens. Jupụta bromine mmiri ngwọta na-akpọ, ọ nwere a ọbara ọbara na agba aja aja na agba.
2. Esi ebe nke mmiri mmiri - 59.2 ⁰ C.
3. The agbaze n'ókè nke -7.25 ⁰ C.
4. The ísì - a nkọ, wetara, suffocating.
5. Agba - ọbara ọbara-agba aja aja.
6. Physical ala nke a dị mfe umi - a arọ (elu njupụta), oké mmiri mmiri.
7. Electronegativity dị ka Pauling ọnụ ọgụgụ - 2.8.

Àgwà ndị a na-emetụta Filiks maka akwadebe a compound, nakwa dị ka nnukwu ọrụ ime ihe ókè ịkpachara anya mgbe na-arụ ọrụ na ya.

Chemical Njirimara nke bromine

Si ele ihe anya nke onwu, bromo-akpa àgwà na ụzọ abụọ. Ngosi na oxidizing ma mbenata Njirimara. Dị ka ndị ọzọ niile ihe, ọ bụ ike nke na-anabata electrons si obere electronegative ọla na nonmetals. Mbenata gị n'ụlọnga, ọ bụ ya bụ a siri ike oxidizing mmadụ, dị ka:

• oxygen;
• fluoro;
• chloro;
• ụfọdụ acid.

Kwesịrị ịdị, ogo bromine agaghi asu ọxịdashọn dịgasị si -1 ka +7. Na ihe bụ kpọmkwem ike na-eme mmewere n'okpuru echiche?

1. Na mmiri - n'ihi bụ a ngwakọta nke asịd (hydrobromic na hypobromous).
2. Dị iche iche na iodides enwewo ike inochi bromo iodo nke ya salts.
3. Na niile nonmetals ozugbo karịa oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, na magburu, haruru.
4. Fọrọ nke nta niile ọla dị ka a ike oxidizing n'ụlọnga. Na ọtụtụ bekee ọbụna na mgbanye.
5. Na Jeremaya mere OVR bromo-akpatakarịkwa ọxịdashọn nke ogige. Ka ihe atụ, sọlfọ na sulfite converted n'ime sulfate ion, ayodiin na iodides dị ka a dị mfe umi.
6. C-etolite alkali bromides, bromates ma ọ bụ gipobromatov.

Of otu dị mkpa bụ bromine chemical Njirimara mgbe ọ bụ akụkụ nke asịd na salts kpụrụ ha. Na nke a ụdị ike Njirimara dị ka oxidant. Ọ bụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ akpọ karịa nke a dị mfe umi.

n'ikuku

The eziokwu na anyị na-atụle a umi mkpa ma dị ịrịba na okwu nke onwu,-egosi ya kwa afọ mmepụta ke ego nke 550 puku tọn. The mba ndú na ndị a na-egosi:

• US.
• China.
• Israel.

Industrial free bromine mmịpụta usoro dabeere na ọgwụgwọ ngwọta nke nnu ọdọ mmiri, olulu mmiri na oké osimiri. Of ha bụ nnu nke chọrọ mmewere, nke converted n'ime acidic ụdị. Ọ na-gabiga a dị ike ikuku iyi ma ọ bụ uzuoku. N'ihi ya, a gaseous bromine. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-emeso ya na soda ash na a ngwakọta nke sodium salts - bromides na bromates. Ha ihe ngwọta na-acidified na tinyekwa bụ free mmiri mmiri umi.

Laboratory ụzọ njikọ dabeere na displacement nke bromine na chlorine salts ya dị ka ike halogen.

N'ịbụ agwa

Dị ọcha ụdị, anyị na-atụle a umi bụghị dị na agwa, dị ka ọ na-fuming na ikuku nke obodo mmiri mmiri. Ihu ọma, a akụkụ nke ogige nke igosipụta a kacha nta ogo ọxịdashọn nke bromine -1. Nke a nnu hydrobromic acid - bromides. A otutu nke a mmewere esokwa eke nnu chlorine - Silvina, carnallite, na ndị ọzọ.

Mineral nke bromine ndị na-emeghe mgbe e mesịrị ka ya onwe ya. The kasị atọ ndị a:

• Embolism - a ngwakọta nke chlorine na bromine na ọlaọcha;
• bromarginit;
• bromsilvinit - ngwakọta nke potassium, magnesium na bromine na ibikwa mmiri (crystalline hydrate).

Ọzọkwa, a ihe na-gụnyere bụchaghị na ndị mejupụtara nke ndu eme ntule. Ya erughi na-eduga ná dị iche iche ụjọ usoro ọrịa, ọrịa, nsogbu ihi ụra na ebe nchekwa impairment. Na ọzọ dị oké njọ n'ihe ize ndụ infertility. Fish, mmiri ụmụ anụmanụ ike bromo akpọkọtara na ịrịba quantities n'ụdị salts.

The ibu ọdịnaya nke jikọrọ ọnụ esịmde ya 0,0021%. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ mmiri nnu na dum Ụwa hydrosphere.

Ogige nke bromine na a ala ọxịdashọn ala

Gịnị ogo ọxịdashọn na bromine ya ogige na ọla na hydrogen? The kasị ala, nke bụ mee ka a ihe - mwepu otu. Ọ bụ ndị a na njikọ na-anọchite anya ndị kasị ukwuu bara mmasị maka mmadụ.

1. HBr - hydrogen bromide (gas) ma ọ bụ hydrobromic acid. Na gaseous nchịkọta obodo na o nweghị agba, ma nnọọ nkọ na wetara isi, a otutu anwụrụ ọkụ. Ọ nwere corrosive ihe na mucous membranes nke ahu. Ukwuu soluble na mmiri, akpụ acid. Ọ, n'aka nke ya, na-ezo aka ike electrolytes, ọ bụ ezi na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga. Ọ na-ngwa ngwa ghọrọ ka free bromine site n'oru nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, nitric acid na oxygen. Industrial mkpa dị ka isi iyi nke bromide ion na-etolite salts na metal cations.
2. Bromides - kwuru acid salts nke ogo ọxịdashọn nke bromine na otu bụ hà -1. Uru mmasị bụ: LiBr, na KBr.
3. The ogige nke organic uwa nwere bromide ion.

Ogige na a elu ogo ọxịdashọn

Ndị a gụnyere ndị a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isi bekee. The kasị elu ogo bromine ọxịdashọn bụ 7, ya mere na ndị a ogige ọ bụ nanị ya na kwesịrị.

1. Perbromic acid - HBrO _4. Ike kacha ike niile mara asịd a item, ma n'otu oge na kasị eguzogide ọgwụ agha ike mbenata mmadụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na pụrụ iche geometric Ọdịdị nke a molekul, nke nwere udi nke a tetrahedron ohere.
2. Perbromates - acid salts gosiri n'elu. N'ihi na ha, dị ka ji na kacha ogo bromine ọxịdashọn. Ha nwere ike, oxidizing mmadụ, ma si otú na-eji na chemical ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe atụ: NaBrO _4, KBrO _4.

The ojiji nke bromine ogige ma

Ọ bụ ike ikpo ọtụtụ ebe nke bromo compound na chọta kpọmkwem ngwa.

1. Production dyes.
2. N'ihi imewe nke foto ihe.
3. Dị ka ọgwụgwọ mmadụ (Bromine salts).
4. Na akpakanamde ụlọ ọrụ, ya bụ, dị ka ihe mmako na mmanụ ụgbọala.
5. A na-eji dị ka a ọgwụgwọ maka ẹsụhọde na flammability nke ụfọdụ organic ihe.
6. Na mmepụta nke mkpọpu ala muds.
7. Na ugbo, na mmepụta nke na-echebe ụmụ ahụhụ sprayers.
8. Dị ka a disinfectant na disinfection unit, gụnyere mmiri.

The ndu utịp ke organism

Ngafe ma ọ bụ enweghị bromine ke idem nwere nnọọ wetara ya pụta.

Ọbụna Pavlov mbụ iji chọpụta mmetụta nke a mmewere na ndụ. Animal ọmụmụ gosiri na ogologo oge shortfall nke bromide ion na-eduga ná:

• nsogbu nke ụjọ usoro;
• mmekọahụ dysfunction;
• miscarriages na infertility;
• ibu Mbelata;
• belata ọtụtụ hemoglobin;
• ehighị ụra nke ọma na na.

Oké ìgwè ke akụkụ na anụ ahụ na-eduga ná mgbochi nke ọrụ nke ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ, dị iche iche elu akpụkpọ ọrịa.