The mmeghachi omume nke glucose gbaa ụka. Ụdị, uru ma gbaa ụka ngwaahịa

Gbaa ụka nke glucose - otu n'ime ndị isi ndị Jeremaya mere, nke ọ bụ omume na njikere nke na-aba n'anya. Ọ nwere ike mere ụzọ dị iche iche, ọ bụla nke onye ngwaahịa na-guzobere. Nke a usoro na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọtụtụ ebe nke ndụ anyị, ebe ọ bụ na-esi nri na nkwadebe nke wine na vodka na-agwụcha site Jeremaya mere anyị ahu.

akụkọ

The usoro nke gbaa ụka nke glucose na ndị ọzọ na shuga n'ókè-eji a ọzọ n'oge ochie. Ha riri a obere nri podbrodivshuyu. Nke a nri bụ odi mfe n'ihi na ọ nwere na-aba n'anya, otu nke gburu ọtụtụ emerụ bacteria. Ndị Ijipt oge ochie na Babylon, ndị mmadụ na-ama maara otú ferment ọtụtụ sugary ọṅụṅụ na mmiri ara ehi. Mgbe ndị mmadụ na mbubreyo narị afọ nke 18 bụ ike mma ịghọta usoro a, ya na ụdị na ohere mma, ukwuu ụba quality ọrụ dị ka kvaso-, brewing na mmanya vine-vodka.

ụdị gbaa ụka

Oddly ezu, ma usoro bụ dị iche iche. Na dị iche iche iche nke glucose gbaa ụka ọgwụgwụ ngwaahịa. N'ihi ya, e nwere lactic acid, na mmanya, citric acid, acetone, butyric na a ole na ole ndị ọzọ. Ka okwu a obere bit banyere onye ọ bụla ụdị iche iche. Lactic ferment glucose - oké mkpa usoro maka nkwadebe nke ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka bred, gbara ụka ude, bred, obi cheese. Ọ na-eji ichebe akwụkwọ nri na-eme a isi ọrụ anyị ahu: na ọnọdụ nke enweghị oxygen, glucose na-ghọrọ ka ikpeazụ ngwaahịa - lactic acid, nke na-akpata ihe mgbu na uru na oge nke mmega ahụ na a nta gasiri.

Egbu gbaa ụka dị iche n'ihi na ndị ethyl mmanya kpụrụ dị ka a ikpeazụ ngwaahịa. Ọ na-abịa na-enyemaka nke Micro-ntule - yist. Ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nri, n'ihi na mgbakwunye na nke isi ngwaahịa n'oge na-aba gbaa ụka nke glucose tọhapụrụ carbon dioxide (a na-akọwa fluffiness yist mgwakota).

Citric acid gbaa ụka na-ewe ebe, dị ka ọ dị mfe na-eche na, na-etolite citric acid. Ọ na-ewe ebe n'okpuru nduzi nke ụdị nke dịkwa ka usoro ha na bụ akụkụ nke ihe Krebs okirikiri, na-enye respiration nke mkpụrụ ndụ anyị ahu.

Acetone-butanol-ethanol gbaa ụka dị yiri nnọọ nke butyric acid. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ọ kpụrụ butyric acid, butyl na ethyl alcohols, acetone na carbon dioxide. Mgbe butyric gbaa ụka na-kpụrụ naanị aha kwekọrọ ekwekọ acid na carbon dioxide.

Ugbu a, anyị ga-atụle ihe nile ụdị nkọwa, na-amalite na ihe ndị bụ isi - na mmanya na-gbaa ụka nke glucose. Ọ ga-atụle n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ihe niile Jeremaya mere na nuances nke ha na omume.

mmanya na-gbaa ụka

Gwa a obere ihe banyere glucose gbaa ụka, nke akụkụ: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO _2. Gịnị ka ị pụrụ ịmụta site na nke a mere? Anyị abụọ na ngwaahịa: ethyl mmanya na carbon dioxide. N'ihi ikpeazụ anyị na-ahụ vzbuhanie yist mgwakota agwa. Ma n'ihi mbụ nwere ohere na-agaghị echefu echefu uto nke wine na wine na ngwaahịa. Ma n'ezie na nke a bụ naanị a simplified akụkụ. glucose gbaa ụka zuru ezu na mmeghachi omume bụ ihe siri ike, ya mere, ka Ka anyị tụlee nke a a obere miri.

E nwere ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro dị ka glycolysis. N'ụzọ nkịtị, na aha ya pụtara "gbawara sugar". Ọ na-adị ndị ahụ n'ahụ, na ya n'akụkụ-ngwaahịa bụ pyruvic acid, na isi - adenozinotrifosfornaya acid (ATP), nke na-kpụrụ n'oge a mmeghachi omume ọzọ compound. Anyị nwere ike sị na ATP bụ a ụgbọelu nke ike na ahu, na eziokwu glycolysis bụ inye anyị ahu na ike.

Anyị na-adịghị akpachara nchegbu na usoro a. N'ezie, gbaa ụka dị yiri nnọọ glycolysis, dị ka akpa ogbo ha nnọọ yiri. Ị pụrụ ọbụna na-ekwu na-aba gbaa ụka nke glucose mmeghachi omume bụ n'ihu nke glycolysis. Kpụrụ n'oge ikpeazụ pyruvate (ion pyruvic acid) na-ghọrọ ka acetaldehyde (Kra ₃ -c (O) H) na ntọhapụ nke site-ngwaahịa carbon dioxide. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na n'ihi ngwaahịa na-ebelata coenzyme NADH ẹdude ke bacteria. Recovery arụpụta guzobe ethanol.

N'ihi ya, mmeghachi omume nke glucose gbaa ụka na ethanol anya dị ka nke a:

1) C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ 2 = C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4 H ⁺

2) C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ = Kra ₃ -COH + CO ₂

3) Kra ₃ -COH ⁺ NADH + H + = C ₂ H ₅ OH ⁺ nad +

NADH bụ a mkpali maka mmeghachi omume, na ion nad ⁺ keere òkè bụ isi ná mmalite nkebi nke glycolysis, na-akpụ na njedebe nke na-aba gbaa ụka, na-laghachi na usoro.

Ka ibugharịa na-esote dịgasị iche iche nke ule-ụdị Jeremaya mere.

Lactic gbaa ụka nke glucose

Site na nke a na ụdị mmanya bụ dị iche iche na ọ dịghị n'okpuru nduzi nke yist, na na-enyemaka nke lactic acid bacteria. Ya mere, anyị nwere a kpamkpam dị iche iche na ngwaahịa. Lactic gbaa ụka Oputakwara na anyị uru na elu ibu na enweghị oxygen.

E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị nke a. First - homofermentative gbaa ụka. Ọ bụrụ na ị na mgbe nụrụ nganiihu "Homo", eleghị anya ị maara ihe ọ pụtara. Homofermentative gbaa ụka - a usoro metụtara otu enzyme. Na nzọụkwụ mbụ nke glycolysis na kpụrụ piroviogradnaya acid. Mgbe ahụ, na n'ihi pyruvate (na ngwọta a acid nwere ike idi naanị n'ụdị ion) na-doro hydrogenation iji NADH ⁺ H na lactate. Mbelata na ngwaahịa bụ lactic acid, nke bụ banyere 90% nke dapụtara ngwaahịa n'oge mmeghachi omume. Nke a compound Otú ọ dị, nwekwara ike kpụrụ dị ka abụọ dị iche iche isomers: D na L. Ndị a na ụdị dị iche na nke ha na-mirror oyiyi nke onye ọ bụla ọzọ na, Ya mere, nwere dị iche iche mmetụta na anyị organism. Na nke isomer ga-akpụ ka ukwuu, na-ekpebi na Ọdịdị nke lactate dehydrogenase.

Ka ibugharịa na nke abụọ ụdị lactic acid gbaa ụka - heterofermentative. Nke a bụ ihe ọtụtụ enzymes, na ọ na-aga na ihe siri ike ụzọ. N'ihi nke a, n'oge mmeghachi omume na-amị ọzọ dị iche iche na ngwaahịa: nakwa lactic acid, anyị nwere ike ịchọta e acetic acid na ethyl mmanya.

Ebe a anyị na-enyocha lactic gbaa ụka. Nke a bụ usoro nke anyị pụrụ ịnụ ụtọ uto nke obi cheese, bred, gbara ụka mmiri ara ehi na yogot. Iji ichikota ma na-ede mmeghachi omume nke lactic acid gbaa ụka nke glucose na n'ozuzu ụdị: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₆ O _3. N'ezie, nke a bụ a simplified esereese nke usoro homofermentative gbaa ụka, dị ka ọbụna heterofermentative usoro atụmatụ ga-esi nnọọ ike. Chemists ka na-amụ lactic gbaa ụka nke glucose na chọpụta zuru ya usoro, anyị ka na-ga-aga.

citrate gbaa ụka

Jeremaya mere, nke a ụdị nke gbaa ụka etịbe, dị ka ihe na-aba n'anya, n'okpuru ihe ụfọdụ fungi nje. Complete usoro a mmeghachi omume a na-ghọtara, na anyị nwere ike na-adabere na ụfọdụ simplifications. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị chere na mbụ ogbo nke usoro glycolysis. Mgbe ahụ pyruvic acid a tọghatara na uzo n'ime dị iche iche acid na citric esịmde. N'ihi dị otú ahụ a usoro ọzọ asịd akwakọba na mmeghachi omume - ngwaahịa nke na-ezughị ezu ọxịdashọn nke glucose.

Usoro a emee n'okpuru nduzi nke oxygen, na n'ozuzu ya nwere ike e dere site ndị na-esonụ akụkụ: 2C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 3o ₂ = 2C ₆ H ₈ O ₇ + 4H ₂ O. Tupu ụdị gbaa ụka meghere, ndị mmadụ amịpụtara citric acid naanị afanyekwa na kwekọrọ ekwekọ mkpụrụ nke osisi. Otú ọ dị, nke a lemon acid adịghị nnọọ 15% Otú ọ dị, usoro a gosiri na ya agaghị ekwe omume, ma mgbe oghere nke mmeghachi omume wee malite ịnata niile nke acid gbaa ụka usoro.

butyric acid gbaa ụka

Ka ibugharịa na-esote ụdị. Nke a na ụdị gbaa ụka emee n'okpuru edinam nke butyric acid bacteria. Ha na-zuru ebe nile, na usoro na ha na-akpata, na-arụ a isi ọrụ na biologically mkpa cycles. Ndị a bacteria na decomposition nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ ntule. Butyric acid, nke na-kpụrụ n'oge mmeghachi omume, ya isi na-adọta scavengers.

Nke a na ụdị gbaa ụka na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ. Dị ka ị pụrụ maa, ha na-butyric acid. Ya esters na-ọtụtụ-eji perfumery na nwere obi ụtọ isi, na iche na ọ kasị. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị mgbe niile na butyric acid gbaa ụka bara uru. Ọ nwere ike ime ka emebi vegetables, nri mkpọ, mmiri ara ehi na ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa. Ma, nke a nwere ike ime naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa wee butyric acid bacteria.

Ka anyị tụlee ihe usoro nke butyric acid gbaa ụka nke glucose. Jeremaya mere ya anya ka: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → Kra ₃ Kra ₂ Kra ₂ COOH + 2CO ₂ ↑ + 2H _2. N'ihi ya, ike na-eme, nke na-enye ndụ ọrụ nke butyric acid bacteria.

Acetone-butanol-ethanol gbaa ụka

Nke a na ụdị dị yiri nnọọ nke butyric acid. Kpafuo n'ụzọ dị otú a nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị na glucose ma glycerol, na pyruvic acid. Usoro a nwere ike kewara abụọ nkebi: mbụ (na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ acid) bụ n'ezie a butyric acid gbaa ụka. Otú ọ dị, na mgbakwunye na mmanụ, ọ na-anọchi ka na acetic acid. N'ụzọ dị otú a anyị na-enweta ngwaahịa si gbaa ụka nke glucose, nke na-aga nke abụọ ogbo (atsetonobutilovuyu). N'ihi na a dum usoro na-ewe ebe n'okpuru nduzi nke nje bacteria, mgbe ahụ acidification nke ọkara (abawanye na ịta nke asịd) bụ oke nke kpọmkwem enzymes bacteria. Ha ime na ntughari mmeghachi omume nke glucose gbaa ụka na ngwaahịa na n-butanol (butyl mmanya) na acetone. Ke adianade do, ọ nwere ike kpụrụ ụfọdụ ethanol.

Ndị ọzọ ụdị gbaa ụka

Tụkwasị na nke a ise umu nke usoro a, e nwere ndị a ole na ole ọzọ. Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ bụ acetic gbaa ụka. Ọ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'okpuru edinam nke ọtụtụ bacteria. Nke a na ụdị gbaa ụka nwere ike ji mee ihe maka uru na nzube mgbe pickling. Ọ na-echebe nri si na-emerụ bacteria na pathogens. More iche alkaline ma ọ bụ methane gbaa ụka. N'adịghị ka ndị gara aga ụdị, ụdị gbaa ụka nwere ike rụrụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị organic ogige. N'ihi ya, a ukwuu nke mgbagwoju Jeremaya mere, organic bekee ghoro methane, hydrogen na carbon dioxide.

The ndu ọrụ

Gbaa ụka - kasị ochie ụzọ nke na-ike site na ndu eme ntule. Ụfọdụ organic bekee na-emepụta, n'out oge na-anata ike, na ndị ọzọ ibibi ndị a bekee nwekwara nweta ume. Dabere na na, ndụ anyị dum. Ma onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị gbaa ụka na otu ụdị ma ọ bụ ọzọ na-adị. Dị ka anyị kwuru n'elu, lactic acid gbaa ụka pụtara na uru n'oge ufiop mmega.

Olee ihe ọzọ na-elele?

Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere mmasị na n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ a-akpali nnọọ mmasị usoro, anyị kwesịrị ịmalite n'ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na onwu na usoro ndu. Na ọtụtụ mahadum Akwụkwọ a kọwara dị ka akowaputara ihe mgbe na-agụ ha na ị ga-enwe ike ibu a ọkachamara a na mpaghara.

ọgwụgwụ

Ebe a anyị na-abịa na njedebe. Anyị kagburu ụdị nile nke glucose gbaa ụka na izugbe ụkpụrụ nke ndị a Filiks, nke na-egwu a nnọọ ọrụ dị mkpa ịrụ ọrụ nke ndu eme ntule, nakwa dị ka anyị ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ omume na-eme n'ọdịnihu na anyị ga-emeghe a ole na ole ọzọ na umu nke oge ochie a usoro ma na-amụta otú e si eji ha maka abamuru nke onwe ha, dị ka ha mere na ugbua ka anyị mara.