Network na netwọk technology. Network ọmụma technology

Taa, netwọk na netwọk teknụzụ jikọọ ndị mmadụ n'ụwa nile na-enye ha na ohere nnukwu okomoko n'ụwa - ụmụ mmadụ nkwurịta okwu. Ndị na-enweghị mgbochi chat na play na ndị enyi gị bụ ndị nọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa.

The ihe na-mara n'ụwa nile na sekọnd. Otu bụ ike jikọọ na Ịntanetị na-etinye ya mpempe ozi.

Network ọmụma technology: mgbọrọgwụ nke ha si

Na nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ gara aga mmadụ mmepeanya e hiwere site na abụọ dị ezigbo mkpa na nkà mmụta sayensị na nkà na ụzụ ọrụ - kọmputa na Telecommunication teknụzụ. About a nkeji iri na ise nke a na narị afọ ma ndị a ụlọ ọrụ, ghọrọ usoro onwe, na n'ime ha, karị, na kọmputa na telekomunikashions netwọk na e kere. Otú ọ dị, ke akpatre nkeji iri na ise nke iri abụọ na narị afọ dị ka a n'ihi nke evolushọn na interpenetration ndị a alaka abụọ nke ụmụ mmadụ na ihe ọmụma, na e nwere ihe anyị na-akpọ okwu bụ "netwọk technology" bụ a subset nke ọzọ n'ozuzu echiche nke "ọmụma technology".

Dị ka a n'ihi nke ọdịdị ha enwere a ọhụrụ na nkà na ụzụ mgbanwe n'ụwa. Dị nnọọ ka a ole na ole ọtụtụ iri afọ tupu ya n'ala n'elu kpuchie a netwọk nke okporo ụzọ awara awara, na njedebe nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ, na mba niile, n'obodo na obodo nta, ụlọ ọrụ na òtù dị ka nke ọma dị ka onye ụlọ obibi metụtara "ọmụma superhighway." Otú ọ dị, ha nile aghọwo ihe nke dị iche iche na netwọk data nnyefe n'etiti kọmputa, na nke ụfọdụ ozi nnyefe technology e ghọtara.

Network Technology: echiche na ọdịnaya

Network technology bụ zuru ezu maka owuwu nke a data-nhazi network coherent ịtọ iwu onodi na nnyefe nke ozi, emejuputa dị ka a na-akpọ "ọkọlọtọ ogbugba ndu", nakwa dị ka ngwaike na software, gụnyere netwọk nkwụnye na ọkwọ ụgbọala, Gịnị na eriri optic, dị iche iche njikọta ( njikọta).

"Mkpa" pụtara na mgbagwoju bụ ya minimization nke, ma na-ekwe omume nke oru a-adị irè na netwọk. Ọ ga-enwe nwere nke rụọ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, site na-eke ya subnets, na-achọ na ojiji nke ogbugba ndu na dị iche iche na-etoju, nakwa dị ka spetskommunikatorov,-ezo dị ka "routers". Na mma nke na netwọk na-aghọ kpu pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, ma na-eri nke na-eleta superstructures n'elu isi network technology akụrụngwa nke ya ndabere.

Okwu ahụ bụ "netwọk technology" esiwak eji na n'elu warara uche, ma ọtụtụ mgbe ọ na-oke agụnye tụgharịrị ka ọ bụla set nke iwu na-ewu nke ụdị ụfọdụ nke netwọk, dị ka "obodo kọmputa ụka n'Ịntanet technology."

A prototype nke netwọk technology

The mbụ prototype nke a na kọmputa na netwọk, ma ọ bụghị ma netwọk onwe ya, malitere na 60-80s. ikpeazụ nke narị afọ, multi-ọnụ usoro. Ndinọ a set nke ileba anya na keyboard, nke na-emi odude na nnukwu anya si mainframe na-ejikọ ha via ekwentị Modem kọmputa ma ọ bụ enyefetu edoghi, ọnụ nke ogige nke ITC na chụgara ofụri ụlọ.

N'otu oge ahụ, ma e wezụga n'ihi na kọmputa ọrụ na ITC, niile ọrụ na-nyere ohere tinye ọnụ igodo ha aga-eme na nyochaa ha egbu na ileba anya, ma na-arụ ụfọdụ arụmọrụ ọrụ management. Ndị a na sistemụ na-mejuputa ma algọridim nkewa oge na ogbe nhazi, na-akpọ remote ọrụ entry usoro.

WANs

Ịgbaso multi-ọnụ usoro ke mbubreyo 60s. Twentieth narị afọ. Ọ na-e kere na mbụ ụdị netwọk - ụwa na kọmputa netwọk (GCS). Ha kekọtaworo na supercomputers dịịrị na otu mbipụta na-echekwa pụrụ iche data na software na nnukwu kọmputa, dọba ha na anya ruo ọtụtụ puku kilomita, via ekwentị netwọk na Modem kọmputa. Nke a na netwọk technology e mbụ na-anwale na a multi-ọnụ na usoro.

The mbụ SSC na 1969 ghọrọ ARPANET, na-arụ ọrụ na US Department of Defense na integrates heterogeneous kọmputa na dị iche iche sistem. Ha na-onwem na dopmoduley maka mmezu nke nkwurịta okwu na netwọk ogbugba ndu, nkịtị ka ndị òtù nile nke a na netwọk nke kọmputa. Ọ bụ na ya bụ isi nke netwọk technology mee ihe na ugbu a na-mepụtara.

Ihe atụ nke mbụ nke convergence nke na kọmputa na-Telecommunication netwọk

GCS ketara njikọ si okenye na zuru ụwa ọnụ na netwọk - .. Telephone, ie dina ọhụrụ e nke anya na ọ bụ nnọọ oké ọnụ. Ya mere, ruo ọtụtụ afọ ha na-eji analọg olu ọwa nke nnyefe na a nyere oge naanị otu mkparịta ụka. Digital data na-agafere na a nnọọ ala ọsọ (iri puku kwuru iri kbit / s), na ike na-amachi nnyefe nke data faịlụ na e-mail.

Otú ọ dị, iketa ekwentị edoghi, SCS ejighị ha isi technology, dabeere na ụkpụrụ nke circuit ịmafe, mgbe ọ bụla ụzọ nke ndị debanyere aha nile nnọkọ oge guzo ọwa na a mgbe nile na-agba. The GCS eji ọhụrụ kọmputa netwọk technology, dabeere na ụkpụrụ nke hà ịmafe, nke data n'ụdị obere akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ngwugwu na a mgbe nile na ọnụego na-nyere na unswitched netwọk na natara site na nnata na ha na netwọk adreesị codes agbakwunyere na hà nkụnye ndị eji isi mee.

iso LANs

Ntoputa ke mbubreyo 70s. Twentieth narị afọ. LSI emewo ka ihe e kere eke nke a Obere-na kọmputa na ala price ma ọgaranya arụmọrụ. Ha malitere n'ezie mpi ndị nnukwu kọmputa.

Ha aghọọla nnọọ ewu ewu Obere-kọmputa PDP-11 ezinụlọ. Ha na-arụnyere na niile, ọbụna a nnọọ obere mmepụta nkeji ịchịkwa oru usoro na onye usoro nkeji, nakwa dị ka na ngalaba management ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ aga-eme.

E a echiche nke na-ekesa enterprise dum kọmputa ego, ọ bụ ezie minicomputers ka nọ na-arụ ọrụ autonomously.

Biakwa obibia nke LAN-ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet

Site ufọt ufọt 80s. Twentieth narị afọ. Anyị na-ẹkenam teknụzụ ijikọta Obere-kọmputa ke netwọk, dabeere na ịmafe of data ngwugwu, dị ka GCS.

Ha tụgharịa na-ewu nke a na netwọk nke ụlọ ọrụ, na-akpọ obodo (LAN - LAN), na ihe fọrọ nke nta na-enweghị ọrụ. N'ihi ya e kere eke, na mkpa ịzụta a netwọk nkwụnye maka LAN-ahọrọ technology ka ihe atụ, Ethernet, a ọkọlọtọ cable usoro, arụnyere na ya cable njikọta (ọnụ) na jikọọ na nkwụnye na Obere-na kọmputa na na onye ọ bụla ọzọ site na ndị a cables. Ọzọ, a na kọmputa server e arụnyere otu n'ime sistemụ mere maka LAN nzukọ - na netwọk. Mgbe ahụ, ọ malitere na-arụ ọrụ, na ụdi accession nke ọhụrụ ọ bụla minicomputers emeghị ka nsogbu ọ bụla.

The-apụghị izere ezere nke ntoputa nke Internet

Ọ bụrụ na ntoputa nke minicomputers kwere igbunye kọmputa ego evenly n'elu n'ókèala ụlọ ọrụ, ntoputa ná mmalite 90s. PC mere ka ha jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na ntoputa mbụ na onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ, na mgbe ahụ na ndị mmadụ obibi.

The ikwu ala na-eri ma na elu ntụkwasị obi nke PC mbụ nyere a dị ike ikwado na LAN-netwọk, na mgbe ahụ mere ka ntoputa nke a zuru ụwa ọnụ na kọmputa na netwọk - Internet, na-azacha n'ụwa taa.

Size nke Internet kwa ọnwa na-eto eto site 7-10%. Ọ bụ a isi nragide dị iche iche obodo na zuru ụwa ọnụ na netwọk nke ụlọ ọrụ na oru gburugburu ụwa na onye ọ bụla ọzọ.

Ọ bụrụ na akpa ogbo site Internet isi-ebute site ná data faịlụ na e-mail ozi, ma taa ya tumadi na-enye ime ohere a na-ekesa Ozi Resource na electronic ochie, ka azụmahịa na-abụghị nke azụmahịa informsluzhbam ọtụtụ mba. Ya free ohere edebe ihe ochie nwere ozi na fọrọ n'akụkụ nile nke ihe ọmụma na mmadụ ọrụ - si ọhụrụ ntụziaka na sayensị na ihu igwe amụma.

Basic Network LAN-netwọk technology

N'etiti ha bụ ndị isi na teknụzụ na nke ndabere nke ọ bụla na netwọk nwere ike wuru. Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị dị otú ahụ a maara nke ọma na nkà na ụzụ dị ka a LAN-Ethernet (1980), Token Ring (1985) na FDDI (njedebe 80s.).

Ke mbubreyo 90-ies. a ndú LAN-Ethernet IZIRỊTA technology pụta technology ime oge gboo variant-ya na data nnyefe ọnụego ruo 10 Mbit / s, na Fast Ethernet (ruo 100 Mbit / c) na Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbit / c). All Ethernet-technology nwere yiri ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe, mfe ozi ha na ijikọta LAN-netwọk dabeere na ha.

Na n'otu oge ahụ, ndị isi nke fọrọ nke nta niile na kọmputa sistemụ mmepe wee malite iwu ha na netwọk ọrụ mejuputa n'elu-e kwuru web dabeere ọmụma technology. E nwere ọbụna pụrụ iche nkwurịta okwu OS ka IOS Cisco Systems ụlọ ọrụ.

Olee otú nwere GCS technology

GCS technology na analọg ekwentị ọwa n'ihi na elu larịị nke distortion na ndị a dị iche iche mgbagwoju akara algọridim na data mgbake. Otu ihe atụ nke ndị a bụ mmepe nke X.25 technology ka bụ mmalite nke 70s. Twentieth narị afọ. Elu ndị ọzọ ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet teknụzụ - a etiti agba anọ, ISDN, igwe ndọrọ ego.

ISDN - ihe acronym pụtara "digital netwọk na ike ọrụ", na-enye ohere na-arụ n'ime obodo video conferencing. Ime ohere na-nyere site wụnye PC ISDN nkwụnye na-agba ọsọ ọtụtụ ugboro ngwa ngwa karịa ihe ọ bụla Modem kọmputa. E nwekwara a pụrụ iche software na-enye ohere na-ewu ewu nchọgharị na sistem-arụ ọrụ na ISDN. Ma elu na-eri ngwá na mkpa dina pụrụ iche njikọ egbochi mmepe nke a technology.

WAN technology ọganihu na ekwentị netwọk. Mgbe biakwa obibia nke digital telephony Spetstechnology Plesiochronous Digital isi chọọchị e mepụtara (PDH), nke na-akwado gbapụrụ ọsọ ruo 140 Mbit / s na-eji ike ulo oru nke ha onwe ha na netwọk.

New technology Synchronous Digital isi chọọchị (SDH) ke mbubreyo 80s. Twentieth narị afọ. gbasaa bandwit digital ekwentị ọwa 10 Gb / c, a na ok Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology - ọtụtụ narị Gb / c na ọbụna ruo ọtụtụ terabits / c.

internet technology

Internet network teknụzụ dabere na ojiji nke hypertext nweghị asụsụ (ma ọ bụ HTML-asụsụ) - spetsyazyka marking electronic akwụkwọ, gụnyere ihe nyere iwu set nke àgwà (tags), ẹkenam tupu mmepe weebụsaịtị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha peeji nke. N'ezie, na nke a anyị na-adịghị ekwu okwu banyere a ederede ma ọ bụ graphic akwụkwọ (photos, foto) na ama na e "ebudatara" si Internet ọrụ, na ebe nchekwa nke ya PC na anya site a ederede ma ọ bụ graphic editọ. Nke a bụ ndị na-akpọ Web peeji nke anya site a nchọgharị omume.

Mmepe nke Web saịtị ike ha na HTML-asụsụ (ugbu a na-kere ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ na teknụzụ na-arụ ọrụ, ịgụnye akpọ "saịtị layout") na ụdị nke ibe weebụ ọnụ, na saịtị nwe na-enịm ke Internet sava n'okpuru a mgbazinye si nwe nchekwa sava (a na-akpọ "usu"). Ha na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu elekere na Internet, na-eje ozi mkpa nke ya ọrụ ele ibe weebụ e kwukwara ka ha.

Nchọgharị ọrụ PC, natara site na ihe nkesa nke gị Internet na-eweta ọrụ iji nweta a akpan akpan server, adreesị nke nke na-ẹdude ke aha nke rịọrọ web site, ohere na saịtị a. Ọzọkwa, na-enyocha HTML-mkpado peeji nke ọ bụla ị na-elele, nchọgharị na-etolite ya image na ihuenyo na ụdị nke ọ na e tụụrụ ime site Mmepụta nke saịtị - na niile n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, na agba na Akara ókwú, iche iche inserts n'ụdị photos, osise, foto, na na. .