Tectonics - ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ihe? Global tectonics. Tectonics na Architecture

Tectonics - a n'alaka ụlọ ọrụ nke geology na-amụrụ Ọdịdị nke jikọrọ ọnụ na ije nke lithospheric efere. Ma, ọ bụ otú vasatail, ọ na-ekere òkè pụtara ìhè na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ Earth sayensị. Ọ na-eji na ije, tectonics, geochemistry, seismology, ọmụmụ nke agbọpụta ọkụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ebe.

Science tectonics

Tectonics - sayensị na-na-eto eto, ọ na-e-amụ ije nke lithospheric efere. N'ihi na oge mbụ echiche nke ije nke efere na nwayọọ Ozizi kwupụtara site Alfred Wegener, kọntinent na 20-ies nke XX narị afọ. Ma ya mmepe ya natara naanị na 60-ies nke XX narị afọ, mgbe enyemaka nke nnyocha na kọntinent na oké osimiri n'ala. Ihe ihe onwunwe e kwere na-a ọhụrụ lee anya na mbụ dị na evolushọn. Ozizi lithospheric efere pụtara dị ka a N'ihi nke mmepe nke echiche nke continental nwayọọ Ozizi, geosyncline amụma na contractions.

Tectonics - na sayensị nke na-amụrụ ike na ọdịdị nke agha na-enwe mmetụta ugwu, Mash ghara ịdị na folds, gbatịa jikọrọ ọnụ. Ọ bụ ihe ndabere nke niile geological Filiks aa na mbara ala.

mkpi amụma

Mkpi amụma e tinye n'ihu site geologist Elie de Beaumont na 1829 na a nzukọ nke French Academy nke Sciences. Ọ na-akọwa na Filiks nke ugwu guzobere na ịkpakọba ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ n'okpuru mmetụta nke mbenata olu nke Earth ruru ka jụrụ. Ndabere nke amụma kpụrụ nnọchiteanya nke Kant na Laplace na isi-acha ọkụ ọkụ na mmiri mmiri ala nke Earth na ya n'ihu jụrụ. Ya mere, Filiks nke ịkpakọba na ugwu ụlọ kọwara dị ka Filiks crustal mkpakọ. N'ọdịnihu, obi jụrụ ala, ndị Earth belata ya olu na ndọlị creases.

The mkpi tectonics, nke gosikwara na mkpebi siri ike nke ozizi ọhụrụ nke geosynclines na mkpumkpu Ọdịdị nke ahụ Earth jikọrọ ọnụ aghọwo a siri ike usoro iwu ndabere maka n'ihu mmepe nke sayensị.

ozizi geosynclines

Na ọ dị adị na uzo nke mbubreyo XIX na n'oge XX ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ọ na-akọwa na tectonic Filiks nke cyclical oscillation mmegharị nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ.

Geologists a dọọrọ uche gaa n'eziokwu na nkume pụrụ ịgha ụgha ịgbasapụ ma gbapụ. Ịgbasapụ bedded nkume rụrụ na nyiwe, ma gbapụ - na anọghị n'ogige atụrụ mpaghara.

Geosynclines Dị ka ozizi, na mbụ ogbo n'ihi tectonic Filiks ifịk nupụsịrị emee, ẹsụhọde nke jikọrọ ọnụ. Usoro a rụpụtara n'ime mbibi nke ọdịda na guzobere a oké oyi akwa nke sedimenti. Mgbe e mesịrị usoro ugwu guzobere na ọdịdị ịkpakọba. On atụmatụ geosynclinal ọchịchị na-abịa n'elu ikpo okwu, nke e ji negligible tectonic mmegharị na-etolite obere ike nke sedimentary nkume. Ikpeazụ ogbo - a ogbo nke guzobe nke Afrika.

Fọrọ nke nta 100 afọ adịkwaghị geosynclinal tectonics. Geology n'oge nọ na-enwe a ụkọ eziokwu ihe onwunwe, ekemende anakọtara data mere ka e nke a ozizi ọhụrụ.

Ozizi lithospheric efere

Tectonics - nke a bụ otu n'ime ebe nke geology, nke kpụrụ ndabere nke oge a na nchepụta nke ije nke lithospheric efere.

Dị ka ozizi nke lithospheric efere, akụkụ nke jikọrọ ọnụ - lithospheric efere ndị na-na na-aga n'ihu ije. Ha ije emee ikwu ọ bụla ọzọ. Na ebe crustal ndọtị (ufọt ufọt osimiri ridges na continental rifts) kpụrụ Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ (spreydinga mpaghara). Na ebe imikpu nkanka nke jikọrọ ọnụ na-etinye obi gị dum ochie ogbugbo, nakwa dị ka imikpu n'okpuru oké osimiri continental (subduction). Ọzọkwa ke kpuchie nke ozizi na-akọwa akpata ala ọma jijiji, ugwu ụlọ na mgbawa ugwu ahụ.

Global efere tectonics agụnye ndị dị otú ahụ isi banye n'eluigwe dị ka geodynamic ọnọdụ. Ọ e ji a set of geological Filiks, n'ime otu ókèala, na a na- oge nke geological oge. N'ihi otu geodynamic ọnọdụ ji otu geological Filiks.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ ikele

Tectonics - a n'alaka ụlọ ọrụ nke geology na-amụrụ Ọdịdị nke ahụ na mbara Ụwa. Earth Olee ihe enyemaka nwere udi nke a esisịt ellipsoid ma ndị mejupụtara ọtụtụ shells (n'ígwé).

Ọdịdị nke ụwa bụ ndị na-esonụ n'ígwé:

1. The ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ.
2. Ákwà mgbokwasị.
3. Core.

The jikọrọ ọnụ - a siri ike mpụta oyi akwa nke ụwa, ọ na-iche ókè nke uwe-nwuda, nke a na-akpọ a n'elu Mohorovicha.

Nwuda, n'aka nke ya, na-ekewa elu na nke ala. Ókè-ala n'etiti n'ígwé mantle oyi akwa bụ Golicina. The ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na elu mantle asthenosphere na-agụnye Ụwa lithosphere.

The isi bụ center nke ụwa e kewapụrụ n'ebe ndị uwe ókè Gutenberg. Ọ na-ekewa mpụga mmiri mmiri na ihe siri ike n'ime isi, a mgbanwe mpaghara therebetween.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ Earth jikọrọ ọnụ

On Ọdịdị nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na-emetụta kpọmkwem na sayensị tectonics. Geology ọmụmụ abụghị naanị na Filiks aa na ngiri-afọ-nke ụwa, ma ya Ọdịdị.

The Earth jikọrọ ọnụ - bụ elu nke lithosphere bụ elu siri ike shei nke Earth, emi esịnede dị iche iche ụdị ya na ahụ na chemical mejupụtara. Physicochemical parameters dị nkewa n'ime atọ n'ígwé:

1. Basalt.
2. Granite-gneiss.
3. Sedimenti.

Dị ka e nwere bụ a nkewa Ọdịdị nke jikọrọ ọnụ. E nwere ihe anọ isi ụdị nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ:

1. Continental.
2. Oceanic.
3. Subcontinental.
4. Suboceanic.

The continental jikọrọ ọnụ na-anọchi anya ihe niile atọ n'ígwé, ya ikike dịgasị iche n'ebe 35 75 km. The elu, sedimenti, mepụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe, ma na-emekarị nwere a obere ikike. The ọzọ oyi akwa, konkiri-gneiss, nwere a kacha ike. The atọ oyi akwa, basalt, esịnede metamorphic nkume.

The Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ na-anọchi anya abụọ n'ígwé - sedimentary na basaltic, ike nke na ọ na-5-20 km.

Subcontinental jikọrọ ọnụ dị ka continental, mejupụtara atọ n'ígwé. Ihe dị iche bụ na ike nke konkiri-gneiss oyi akwa na subcontinental jikọrọ ọnụ nnọọ obere. Nke a na ụdị jikọrọ ọnụ na-hụrụ na ókè-ala nke Afrika na oké osimiri, na ebe nke nọ n'ọrụ volcanism.

Sub-Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ dị nso ka oké osimiri. Ihe dị iche bụ na ike nke sedimenti nwere ike iru 25 km. Nke a na ụdị jikọrọ ọnụ na-timed ka miri anētiye nke jikọrọ ọnụ (na n'ime obodo oké osimiri).

lithospheric efere

Lithospheric efere - a isi crustal nkanka na bụ akụkụ nke lithosphere. Efere bụ ibughari ikwu ọ bụla ọzọ na elu-nwuda - astenosphere. Kewara site efere trenchi, ufọt ufọt osimiri ridges na ugwu. A mara mma nke lithospheric efere bụ na ha na-enwe ike ịnọgide na-enwe rigidity, ụdị na Ọdịdị maka a ogologo oge.

Tectonics nke Earth na-ekwu na ndị lithospheric efere bụ na mgbe niile na-efegharị. Ebe ọ bụ na ha na-agbanwe ngwe nke Itie oge - ike ịgbawa ma ọ bụ na-eto eto ọnụ. Iji ụbọchị, ọ ekenyela 14 isi lithospheric efere.

efere tectonics

The usoro nke akpụ ihe mpụga udi nke Earth na-ozugbo jikọrọ efere tectonics. Tectonics nke ụwa pụtara na e a ije bụghị nke kọntinent na tectonic efere. Ihu onye ọ bụla ọzọ, ha na-etolite ugwu ma ọ bụ miri emi Oceanic trenches. Ala ọma jijiji na mgbawa ugwu ndị bụ n'ihi nke ije nke lithospheric efere. Active geological ọrụ na-anọzi tumadi n'ọnụ ndị a formations.

The ije nke lithosphere efere bụ ofu na-enyemaka nke Satellites, ma ọdịdị na usoro nke usoro a ka na-anọgide a omimi.

tectonics nke oké osimiri

Na oké osimiri ọdịda ìgwè na mbibi Filiks bụ onye na-adịghị na ọdịdị, otú tectonic mmegharị ekere ke enyemaka ọma. ala ọdịdị ala siri dissected Ọdịdị. Tectonic na-akwanyere ùgwù owuwu guzobere n'ihi nke vetikal mmegharị nke jikọrọ ọnụ, na ihe owuwu nwetara n'ihi kwụ mmegharị.

Iji Ọdịdị nke oké osimiri n'ala ndị dị otú ahụ iche nke efe, dị ka abyssal mbara ọzara, Oceanic efere na ufọt ufọt osimiri ridges. N'ọgba ebe anyị na-agbasaghị nwere jụụ tectonic ọnọdụ na mpaghara nke ufọt ufọt osimiri ridges hụrụ tectonic ọrụ nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ.

Tectonics nke oké osimiri ka na-agụnye owuwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka trenches, Oceanic ugwu na Pierre Guyotat.

Mere na-akpụ akpụ efere

The-akwọ ụgbọala odudu bụ geological tectonics nke ụwa. Isi ihe mere n'ihi na nke efere ije bụ uwe convection okwukwo kere teplogravitatsionnymi ákwà mgbokwasị. Nke a emee ya ruru ka okpomọkụ dị iche n'etiti elu na center nke Earth. Inside nkume ndị kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, e nwere ha mgbasa na ọnụ ke njupụta. Light fractions na-amalite na-iputa, na n'ebe ha na ala oyi na arọ uka. okpomọkụ nyefe usoro na-ewe ebe nọgidere.

The ije nke efere dị ka obi ụtọ ihe. Ihe atụ, na ebe astenosphere arịgo okwukwo na-akpọlite na ebe na nmikpu - zie. N'ihi ya, a ramp na a usoro nke "ike ndọda" ukwu lithospheric efere. Mmetụta na subduction zones ebe oké oyi na ruo ogologo oge Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ n'okpuru continental-ekpo ọkụ.

Power astenosphere n'okpuru kọntinent budata obere, na a viscosity ukwuu karịa n'okpuru oké osimiri. N'okpuru oge ochie akụkụ nke kọntinent ndị asthenosphere bụ fọrọ nke nta na-abụghị existent, ntre ke ebe ndị a ha na-adịghị akpali na-anọ ebe. Na ebe ọ bụ na lithospheric efere agụnye continental na Oceanic akụkụ, ọnụnọ nke oge ochie continental akụkụ ga-egbochi ije nke efere. Movement ọcha Oceanic efere ngwa ngwa karịa mbuaha, ọbụna continental.

Usoro na-edu ndú ka ije nke efere, ọtụtụ conventionally nwere ike dịpụrụ adịpụ na abụọ dị iche iche:

1. The usoro na-akpali n'okpuru ihe nke uwe-nwuda nke eruba.
2. The usoro aka na ngwa nke agha ka n'ọnụ nke efere.

The Nchikota Filiks na-akwọ ụgbọala ndị agha na-egosipụta na mkpokọta geodynamic usoro na-agụnye ihe niile n'ígwé nke Ụwa.

Architecture na Tectonics

Tectonics - bụghị naanị a kpere geological sayensị metụtara na Filiks aa na Ụwa n'ime ime. Ọ na-eji na-adị kwa ụbọchị ndụ. Karịsịa, ọ na-emetụta tectonics na ije na-ewu nke ọ bụla akụkụ, ma ụlọ, àkwà mmiri ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ala owuwu. Ebe a na-edina ndabere nke iwu nke na-arụzi ụgbọala. Na nke a, site na tectonics pụtara ogo ike na nkwụsi ike nke Ọdịdị na a nyere bi.

Ozizi anaghị kọwaa lithospheric efere n'ihi na ije nke efere miri Filiks. Anyị kwesịrị a nchepụta nke na-akọwara ndị ọ bụghị nanị na ihe owuwu ma na ije nke lithospheric efere, kamakwa usoro na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ime Earth. Mmepe nke ndị dị otú ahụ a Ozizi bụ yiri ka mkpakọrịta nke ndị ọkachamara dị ka geologists, Geophysicists, ọdịdị mbara ala, physics, mathematicians, chemists na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.