The cell okirikiri, ọgụ, cell envelopu

Ịdị adị nke cell oge site na ụbọchị nke ya guzobere site nkerisi nne cell ka ya nkewa ma ọ bụ ọnwụ na-akpọ okwu bụ "cell okirikiri". Ya dị iche iche dị iche iche cell oge. Ka ihe atụ, basal na hematopoietic sel nke obere eriri afọ na epidermis na-enwe ike ịbanye cell okirikiri mgbe ọ bụla 12-16 awa, ha ngwa ngwa proliferate okenye ntule. Short ndụ cycles nke mkpụrụ ndụ ikpeazụ banyere 30 nkeji, ha eme n'oge ngwa ngwa zọpịa àkwá si amphibians, echinoderms na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke umu ke cell omenala ibuo ọnọdụ, cell okirikiri nwere a obere oge nke banyere 20 nkeji. Na a kpagburuibe ego nke ifịk ifịk nkerisi sel oge oge n'etiti mitoses bụ site 10 ruo 24 awa.

The n'ụzọ na oge nke cell okirikiri. Cell okirikiri nke ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi mejupụtara abụọ oge: interphase (oge nke protein njikọ na DNA) na mitosis (cell nkewa okirikiri). Interphase agụnye ọtụtụ oge:

1. G1-adọ - a oge nke ibu, n'oge nke njikọ nke na-edozi, RNA na ndị ọzọ na cell mejuputara.

2. S-adọ - na a nkeji na-adị interphase enyemaka njikọ nke a DNA molekul nke cell nuclei na a ibawanye nke intracellular organelles (centrioles);

3. G2-adọ - a oge mgbe e nwere nkwadebe maka mitosis.

Na mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịkwaghị kee, G1-adọ nwere ike-abiaghi, na oge a, ha dị na a izu ike na-adọ (G0).

The usoro nke cell nkewa (mitosis) nwere ihe abụọ nkebi:

1. The nkewa nke cell ntọala - mitosis.

2. The nkewa nke cell cytoplasm - cytokinesis.

Regulation nke cell ọrụ. Mgbanwe nke cell okirikiri oge na-adị mgbe inwe mmekọrịta na-edozi - cyclins na cyclin-dabere kinases. Sel na G0 adọ ike nke na-abanye a loop n'okpuru nduzi nke dị iche iche na ibu ihe. Epidermal, na platelet-ewepụtara ihe ndị akwara ibu na-akpata, na mgbe nile na mmekọrịta ya na-anabata ya chụpụrụ intracellular na-agba ama usoro nke na-eduga ndị transcription nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-edozi. N'otu kinases nwere ike-arụsi ọrụ ike na na mmekọrịta kpọmkwem cyclins, ọdịnaya nke na-agbanwe mgbe nile ofụri okirikiri.

Emeghasịkwa nke nkịtị iwu nke cell okirikiri eduga guzobe nke siri ike etuto ahụ. N'ihi na e guzobere nke ịza etuto ahụ na p53 protein nwere ibu ọrụ: ya akpali protein njikọ nke p21, nke n'aka nke na-egbochi ndị CDK cyclin mgbagwoju, nke-apụghị izere ezere na-eduga ná cell okirikiri e jidere ya na G1 na G2 adọ. The cell na mebiri emebi DNA anaghị abata S. N'oge na-adọ nke mmụba na-eduga na ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke protein p53 site n'usoro adịghị ime na cell okirikiri mgbochi tinye mitosis, na-enye ịrị elu mmụba mkpụrụ ndụ, ụfọdụ nke na-gburu, na ndị ọzọ na akụkụ-eduga na guzobere ịza aza etuto ahụ.

Cell-onye ogbugbo ọgụ. The mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọ bụla mkpali, na-akpọ onye dịghịzi omume na nke-alụso ọrịa ọgụ na-adịghị etinye aka na mgbagwoju set of ndi na-edozi ugbu a na ọbara (zuo ezu usoro), na-akpọ okwu ahụ bụ "cellular ọgụ". Ọ na-eduzi tumadi megide microorganisms ndụ na phagocytes na imegide microorganisms na ife efe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. Karịsịa, ọ bụ irè megide nje, dịkwa ka usoro ha, mmadụ nje, nje bacteria, na akpụ mkpụrụ ndụ. cellular dịghịzi usoro ihe dị ezigbo mkpa anụ ahụ jụrụ.

The cell mgbidi. The isiike cell mgbidi, enịm n'èzí nke cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ na-eme na nchekwa, bughi na iga ọrụ - na ọ bụ cell akpụkpọ ahụ. Ma ọ na-akpọ a cell mgbidi, ọ bụ ugbu a na ọtụtụ ndị bacteria, dịkwa ka usoro ha, osisi na archaea. Dị ka ụmụ anụmanụ, na ọtụtụ nke mfe, ha na-adịghị a cell mgbidi.